Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been initiated throughout Brazil to encourage forest restoration on private lands, especially smaller properties that are out of compliance with national land use laws requiring conservation of native vegetation. A choice experiment of 189 farmers in the Cantareira region – the drinking water source for over nine million people in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area – suggests that existing PES contract incentives are unlikely to spur enrollment by landowners with small properties and high dependence on agricultural income. This group is unlikely to restore forest without compensation, and survey responses indicate they need a much higher payment than current payment structures provide. Our results also provide support for the inclusion of in-kind incentives that increase agricultural productivity as a means to encourage participation. These findings are especially important in light of Brazil's commitments to forest restoration under the country's Native Vegetation Protection Law and its commitments through the Bonn Challenge to restore 15 million hectares of Atlantic Forest by 2050.

中文翻译：

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巴西大西洋森林重新造林合同的农民偏好

巴西各地已开始支付生态系统服务费 (PES)，以鼓励私有土地上的森林恢复，尤其是不符合要求保护本地植被的国家土地使用法的较小财产。坎塔雷拉地区 189 名农民的选择实验——圣保罗大都市区超过 900 万人的饮用水源——表明现有的 PES 合同激励措施不太可能刺激拥有小产权和高度依赖农业收入的土地所有者的入学。这个群体不太可能在没有补偿的情况下恢复森林，调查结果表明他们需要比当前支付结构提供的更高的支付。我们的结果还支持纳入可提高农业生产力的实物激励措施，以此作为鼓励参与的手段。鉴于巴西根据本国本土植被保护法对森林恢复的承诺以及通过波恩挑战到 2050 年恢复 1500 万公顷大西洋森林的承诺，这些发现尤其重要。