Abstract The achievement of low or zero greenhouse gas and particulate matter emissions such as sulfur oxides, optimized water-energy nexus, and a well-protected environment are challenges that have become increasingly significant for the biomass industry. There is a need to conduct evaluation and analyses of the greenhouse gas and particulate emissions, water use and energy consumption of biomass process and delivery, from “cradle to gate”. Therefore, to fill this noted gap in the literature, this study aims to develop a combined life cycle and dynamic simulation model to examine water-energy nexus in the biomass industry, particularly under uncertainties, as well as estimation of greenhouse gas and particulate matter emissions of the biomass supply chain by 2050. The dynamic modelling of material, energy, and water flows was used to perform those tasks. An in-depth analysis of environmental issues during the production, processing, conversion and delivery of empty fruit bunches biomass supply and production system is conducted. The model was tested and implemented through a case study of three main biomass suppliers in Malaysia. Comparison of environmental performance of the production stages of 31 products through pre-processed, intermediate, and final productions in the biomass supply chain shows that bio-compost, activated-carbon, and cellulose are the highest water users and energy consumers as well as the highest emitters of greenhouse gas and sulfur oxides for all the three suppliers. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted for these critical products based on recent governmental land and demand policies. The main finding of this paper indicates a need for a well-planned management of water-energy nexus in pre-processed production compared to intermediate and final production of biomass supply chain. This finding provides valuable insights to the government agencies and stakeholders to pursue sustainable bioenergy development strategies.

中文翻译：

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生物质供应和生产系统的水-能源关系和温室气体-硫氧化物隐含排放：使用组合生命周期和动态模拟方法的大规模分析

摘要 实现低或零温室气体和颗粒物排放（如硫氧化物）、优化水-能源关系以及保护良好的环境是生物质产业面临的日益严峻的挑战。需要对生物质加工和输送过程中的温室气体和颗粒物排放、用水和能源消耗进行评估和分析，从“摇篮到门”。因此，为了填补文献中的这一空白，本研究旨在开发一个组合生命周期和动态模拟模型，以检查生物质工业中的水-能源关系，特别是在不确定性下，以及估计温室气体和颗粒物排放到 2050 年的生物质供应链。水流被用来执行这些任务。对空果串生物质供应和生产系统的生产、加工、转化和交付过程中的环境问题进行了深入分析。该模型通过对马来西亚三个主要生物质供应商的案例研究进行了测试和实施。对生物质供应链中 31 种产品的前处理、中间和最终生产的生产阶段的环境绩效进行比较表明，生物堆肥、活性炭和纤维素是最大的用水和能源消耗者，也是所有三个供应商的温室气体和硫氧化物排放量最高。还根据近期政府的土地和需求政策对这些关键产品进行了敏感性分析。本文的主要发现表明，与生物质供应链的中间和最终生产相比，需要对预处理生产中的水-能源关系进行精心规划的管理。这一发现为政府机构和利益相关者寻求可持续的生物能源发展战略提供了宝贵的见解。