Social bonds have been construed as differentiated and enduring affiliative relationships. Strong bonds will improve fitness through interchanging with coalition formation or tolerance over resources. Social bonds have been found in a variety of taxa and predict the formation of coalitions even amongst males. However, in species exhibiting steeply linear dominance hierarchies, coalitions are hypothesized to be suppressed due to severe competition amongst males, and thus strong bonds may manifest in other forms of behavior, notably social tolerance. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of male–male social bonds and dominance on agonistic supports and aggressive interaction in one of the most despotic primate species, Japanese macaques. I conducted focal samples on male individuals, recording their grooming, proximity to other members, agonistic supports and membership, and aggressive interactions over a 2-year observation period. Male macaques formed differentiated affiliative relationships across dyads and those relationships showed positive relations between the non-mating and the mating seasons. Steep dominance hierarchies were found amongst males. The occurrence of agonistic supports was not explained by the strength of social bonds but by the dominance of the participants, whereas strong bonds predicted less frequent aggressive interaction. These results are in line with the hypothesis that dominance is a major mechanism underlying coalition formation amongst males. Unlike more egalitarian species, strong bonds do not predict coalition formation but rather tolerance in despotic species. These results suggest male–male social bonds will bring alternative consequences according to dominance structures.

中文翻译：

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雄性-雄性社会纽带预测野生日本猕猴的耐受性，但不能预测联盟的形成

社会纽带被解释为有区别的和持久的从属关系。牢固的纽带将通过与联盟形成或对资源的容忍进行交流来提高适应度。在各种分类群中发现了社会纽带，甚至可以预测雄性之间的联盟的形成。然而，在表现出陡峭线性优势等级的物种中，假设由于雄性之间的激烈竞争而抑制了联盟，因此强大的联系可能会表现在其他形式的行为中，特别是社会宽容。本研究的目的是检查雄性 - 雄性社会纽带和优势对最专横的灵长类动物之一日本猕猴的激动支持和攻击性互动的影响。我对男性个体进行了重点样本，记录了他们的仪容仪表，与其他成员的接近程度，在 2 年的观察期内，积极的支持和成员资格，以及积极的互动。雄性猕猴在成对之间形成了差异化的从属关系，这些关系在非交配季节和交配季节之间显示出正相关关系。在男性中发现了陡峭的支配等级。对抗性支持的出现不是由社会纽带的强度而是由参与者的主导地位来解释的，而强纽带预示着攻击性互动的频率较低。这些结果与以下假设一致，即优势是男性之间形成联盟的主要机制。与更平等的物种不同，强纽带并不能预测联盟的形成，而是预测专制物种的容忍度。