Although neuropsychological studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients have demonstrated heterogeneity in neurocognitive impairment and neuroimaging studies have reported diverse brain regions affected by HIV, it remains unclear whether individual differences in neurocognitive impairment are underpinned by their neural bases. Here, we investigated spatial distribution patterns of correlation between neurocognitive function and regional gray matter (GM) volume across patients with HIV. Thirty-one combination antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-infected Japanese male patients and 33 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the analysis after strict exclusion criteria, especially for substance use. Fifteen neurocognitive tests were used, and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging was performed. We used voxel-based morphometry to compare GM volume between groups and identify regional GM volumes that correlated with neurocognitive tests across patients. Using the Frascati criteria, 10 patients were diagnosed with asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, while the others were not diagnosed with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Patients showed a significantly lower performance in five neurocognitive tests as well as significantly reduced GM volume relative to controls, with volume-reduced regions spread diffusely across the whole brain. Different aspects of neurocognitive impairment (i.e., figural copy, finger tapping, and Pegboard) were associated with different GM regions. Our findings suggest a biological background constituting heterogeneity of neurocognitive impairment in HIV infection and support the clinical importance of considering individual differences for tailor-made medicine for people living with HIV.

尽管对人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染患者的神经心理学研究表明神经认知障碍存在异质性，并且神经影像学研究报告了受HIV影响的不同大脑区域，但尚不清楚神经认知障碍的个体差异是否由其神经基础所支撑。在这里，我们调查了艾滋病毒患者神经认知功能与区域灰质（GM）量之间相关性的空间分布模式。在严格的排除标准之后，特别是对于药物使用，在分析中包括了31种抗逆转录病毒疗法联合治疗的HIV感染的日本男性患者以及33位年龄和性别匹配的健康对照。使用了15个神经认知测试，并进行了体积磁共振成像。我们使用基于体素的形态计量学来比较各组之间的GM体积，并确定与跨患者神经认知测试相关的区域GM体积。根据弗拉斯卡蒂（Frascati）标准，有10位患者被诊断为无症状神经认知障碍，而其他患者则没有被诊断为与HIV相关的神经认知障碍。与对照组相比，患者在五项神经认知测试中表现出明显较低的表现，并且GM体积显着减少，体积减小的区域散布在整个大脑中。神经认知障碍的不同方面（例如，图形复制，手指敲击和钉板）与不同的GM区相关。