This article aims to present a novel mono-dimensional multilayer mathematical model apt to estimate the temperature of photovoltaic (PV) cells for both monofacial and bifacial PV modules. A dynamic three-layer model (3L-NM) has been developed, in which the contribution of solar radiation that hits the back of the PV module is included. The model is constituted by energy balance equations, one for each layer of the PV module. The input data of the proposed model are the environmental weather conditions as well as the withdrawal electrical power. The outputs are the average temperature of each layer, so it is possible to determine the PV cell temperatures that typically cannot be directly measured. With the purpose to investigate the reliability of the proposed model, the numerical results have been compared with experimental data. Finally, a sensitivity analysis has been performed to evaluate the impact of solar radiation in the back of the PV module considering the different wind speed, as well as the operating electrical points (open circuit and maximum power point). From the statistical analysis, correlation values of 0.993 and 0.990 were obtained, PE values equal to 0.718% and 0.161%, respectively, for the monofacial and bifacial module. The sensitivity study shows that the solar radiation on the backside of the module has a greater impact on the bifacial module, infact, when the contribution of back is included in a model, temperature differences up to 5.2 °C for bifacial and 1.0 °C for monofacial module at 1000 W/m2 were observed.

中文翻译：

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用于评估单面和双面光伏组件性能的多层热模型

本文旨在提出一种新颖的单维多层数学模型，该模型适用于估算单面和双面 PV 模块的光伏 (PV) 电池温度。已开发出一种动态三层模型 (3L-NM)，其中包括撞击光伏组件背面的太阳辐射的贡献。该模型由能量平衡方程构成，每层光伏组件一个。所提出模型的输入数据是环境天气条件以及取电功率。输出是每一层的平均温度，因此可以确定通常无法直接测量的 PV 电池温度。为了研究所提出模型的可靠性，将数值结果与实验数据进行了比较。最后，考虑到不同的风速以及工作电气点（开路和最大功率点），已经进行了敏感性分析以评估太阳能辐射对光伏组件背面的影响。从统计分析中，获得了 0.993 和 0.990 的相关值，单面和双面模块的 PE 值分别等于 0.718% 和 0.161%。灵敏度研究表明，组件背面的太阳辐射对双面组件的影响更大，事实上，当模型中包含背面的贡献时，双面的温差高达 5.2°C，双面的温差高达 1.0°C。观察到 1000 W/m2 的单面组件。以及操作电气点（开路和最大功率点）。从统计分析中，获得了 0.993 和 0.990 的相关值，单面和双面模块的 PE 值分别等于 0.718% 和 0.161%。灵敏度研究表明，组件背面的太阳辐射对双面组件的影响更大，事实上，当模型中包含背面的贡献时，双面的温差高达 5.2°C，双面的温差高达 1.0°C。观察到 1000 W/m2 的单面组件。以及操作电气点（开路和最大功率点）。从统计分析中，获得了 0.993 和 0.990 的相关值，单面和双面模块的 PE 值分别等于 0.718% 和 0.161%。灵敏度研究表明，组件背面的太阳辐射对双面组件的影响更大，事实上，当模型中包含背面的贡献时，双面的温差高达 5.2°C，双面的温差高达 1.0°C。观察到 1000 W/m2 的单面组件。