Human errors cause approximately 90 percent of traffic accidents, and drivers with risky driving behaviors are involved in about 52 percent of severe traffic crashes. Driver education using driving simulators has been used extensively to obtain a quantitative evaluation of driving behaviors without causing drivers to be at risk for physical injuries. However, since many driver education programs that use simulators have limits on realistic interactions with surrounding vehicles, they are limited in reducing risky driving behaviors associated with surrounding vehicles. This study introduces surrogate safety measures (SSMs) into simulator-based training in order to evaluate the potential for crashes and to reduce risky driving behaviors in driving situations that include surrounding vehicles. A preliminary experiment was conducted with 31 drivers to analyze whether the SSMs could identify risky driving behaviors. The results showed that 15 SSMs were statistically significant measures to capture risky driving behaviors. This study used simulator-based training with 21 novice drivers, 16 elderly drivers, and 21 commercial drivers to determine whether a simulator-based training program using the SSMs is effective in reducing risky driving behaviors. The risky driving behaviors by novice drivers were reduced significantly with the exception of erratic lane-changing. In the case of elderly drivers, speeding was the only risky driving behavior that was reduced; the others were not reduced because of their difficulty with manipulating the pedals in the driving simulator and their defensive driving. Risky driving behaviors by commercial drivers were reduced overall. The results of this study indicated that the SSMs can be used to enhance drivers’ safety, to evaluate the safety of traffic management strategies as well as to reduce risky driving behaviors in simulator-based training.

中文翻译：

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在驾驶模拟器中实施替代安全措施，并评估基于模拟器的训练对危险驾驶行为的安全效果

人为错误导致大约90％的交通事故，具有危险驾驶行为的驾驶员参与了大约52％的严重交通事故。使用驾驶模拟器的驾驶员教育已被广泛用于对驾驶行为进行定量评估，而不会导致驾驶员遭受人身伤害的风险。但是，由于许多使用模拟器的驾驶员培训计划在与周围车辆的实际交互上受到限制，因此它们在减少与周围车辆相关的危险驾驶行为方面受到限制。这项研究将替代安全措施（SSM）引入了基于模拟器的培训中，以评估发生撞车的可能性并减少包括周围车辆在内的驾驶情况下的危险驾驶行为。对31名驾驶员进行了初步试验，以分析SSM是否可以识别危险的驾驶行为。结果表明，15个SSM是捕捉危险驾驶行为的统计上重要的手段。这项研究对21位新手驾驶员，16位老年驾驶员和21位商业驾驶员进行了基于模拟器的培训，以确定使用SSM的基于模拟器的培训计划是否可以有效减少危险的驾驶行为。新手驾驶员的危险驾驶行为已大大减少，除了不规则的换道。对于老年驾驶员而言，超速驾驶是唯一可以减少的危险驾驶行为。其他人并没有因为他们在驾驶模拟器中操纵踏板的困难以及他们的防御性驾驶而没有减少。商业驾驶员的危险驾驶行为总体上减少了。这项研究的结果表明，在基于模拟器的培训中，SSM可用于提高驾驶员的安全性，评估交通管理策略的安全性以及减少危险的驾驶行为。