Organismal functionality and reproduction depend on metabolic rewiring and balanced energy resources. However, the crosstalk between organismal homeostasis and fecundity, and the associated paracrine signaling mechanisms are still poorly understood. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans we discovered that large extracellular vesicles termed exophers, attributed in neurons and cardiomyocytes to the removal of damaged subcellular components, are released by body wall muscles to support embryonic growth. We found that exopher formation (exopheresis) is a non-cell-autonomous process regulated by egg formation in the uterus. Our data suggest that exophers serve as transporters for muscle-generated yolk proteins used for nourishing and improving the growth rate of the next generation. We propose that the primary role of muscular exopheresis is to stimulate the reproductive capacity, thereby influencing the adaptation of worm populations to the current environmental conditions.

中文翻译：

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营养状况和繁殖力通过肌肉外植体同步进行

有机功能和繁殖取决于新陈代谢的重新布线和平衡的能源。但是，对生物体内平衡与生殖力之间的相互影响以及相关的旁分泌信号传导机制仍然知之甚少。使用秀丽隐杆线虫，我们发现被称为神经外膜的大的细胞外囊泡，是由于神经元和心肌细胞中受损的亚细胞成分的去除而被体壁肌肉释放，以支持胚胎的生长。我们发现，exopher的形成（exopheresis）是由子宫中卵形成调节的非细胞自主过程。我们的数据表明，外泌子可作为肌肉产生的蛋黄蛋白的转运蛋白，用于滋养和提高下一代的生长率。