Large carnivores have extensive spatial requirements, with ranges that often span geopolitical borders. Consequently, management of transboundary populations is subject to several political jurisdictions, often with heterogeneity in conservation challenges. In continental Asia there are four threatened leopard subspecies with transboundary populations spanning 23 countries: the Persian Panthera pardus saxicolor, Indochinese P. pardus delacouri, Arabian P. pardus nimr and Amur P. pardus orientalis leopards. We reviewed the status of these subspecies and examined the challenges to, and opportunities for, their conservation. The Amur and Indochinese leopards have the majority (58–100%) of their remaining range in borderlands, and the Persian and Arabian leopards have 23–26% of their remaining ranges in borderlands. Overall, in 18 of 23 countries the majority of the remaining leopard range is in borderlands, and thus in most countries conservation of these subspecies is dependent on transboundary collaboration. However, we found only two transboundary initiatives for Asian leopards. Overall, we highlighted three key transboundary landscapes in regions that are of high importance for the survival of these subspecies. Recent listing of the leopard in the Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals is important, but more international collaboration is needed to conserve these subspecies. We provide a spatial framework with which range countries and international agencies could establish transboundary cooperation for conserving threatened leopards in Asia.

中文翻译：

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边境地区的大型猫科动物：亚洲豹跨界保护的挑战和启示

大型食肉动物具有广泛的空间要求，范围通常跨越地缘政治边界。因此，跨界人口的管理受制于几个政治管辖区，通常在保护挑战方面存在异质性。在亚洲大陆，有四种受威胁的豹亚种，其跨界种群遍布 23 个国家：波斯Panthera pardus saxicolor, 印度支那P. pardus delacouri, 阿拉伯P. pardus nimr和阿穆尔P. pardus orientalis豹子。我们审查了这些亚种的状况，并研究了保护它们的挑战和机遇。阿穆尔豹和印度支那豹的大部分（58-100%）剩余活动范围在边境地区，波斯和阿拉伯豹的剩余活动范围的 23-26% 在边境地区。总体而言，在 23 个国家中的 18 个国家，剩余的大部分豹子分布在边境地区，因此在大多数国家，这些亚种的保护依赖于跨界合作。然而，我们只发现了两项针对亚洲豹的跨界倡议。总体而言，我们强调了对这些亚种的生存非常重要的地区的三个关键跨界景观。最近将豹列入《保护迁徙野生动物物种波恩公约》很重要，但需要更多的国际合作来保护这些亚种。我们提供了一个空间框架，分布国家和国际机构可以通过该框架建立跨界合作，以保护亚洲受威胁的豹子。