Abstract This study identified areas suitable for photovoltaic (PV) and onshore wind systems, with few or no competing land uses. All contiguous land in Japan was classified into 15 independent land-use types according to their regulation level. Four types were determined as soft-restriction areas suitable for development: devastated farmland, grassland, bareland, and scrubland. Legally prohibited land in nature reserves was then excluded from these areas. The remaining area was deemed available for both renewable energy systems. Analysis by geographic information systems (GIS) revealed that the total area of land available for PV and wind turbine development is 3,428 km2 or 0.9% of all contiguous land in Japan. In 72% of this area, these systems may have to compete with other development projects, including each other. Considering factors such as electricity demand and the slope of the land, the installation of onshore wind turbines in areas of competing development is shown to be important. If an onshore wind capacity of 25 GW was to be installed in areas with competing development and a PV capacity of 64 GW in the non-competing areas, it would result in 130.2 TWh/year, which represents 15% of the total annual electricity demand of Japan in 2018.

中文翻译：

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评估日本太阳能和陆上风能的土地使用和潜在冲突

摘要 本研究确定了适合光伏 (PV) 和陆上风力系统的区域，很少或没有竞争性土地使用。日本所有的连片土地根据其管理水平被划分为15个独立的土地利用类型。确定适合开发的软禁区有四种类型：毁坏农田、草地、裸地和灌木丛。自然保护区内法律禁止的土地随后被排除在这些地区之外。其余区域被认为可用于两个可再生能源系统。地理信息系统 (GIS) 分析显示，可用于光伏和风力涡轮机开发的土地总面积为 3,428 平方公里，占日本所有毗连土地的 0.9%。在该领域的 72% 中，这些系统可能不得不与其他开发项目竞争，包括彼此竞争。考虑到电力需求和土地坡度等因素，在竞争发展的地区安装陆上风力涡轮机被证明是重要的。如果在竞争发展的地区安装 25 吉瓦的陆上风电容量，在非竞争地区安装 64 吉瓦的光伏容量，则将产生 130.2 太瓦时/年，占年度总电力需求的 15% 2018 年的日本。