Rht12, a dominant dwarfing gene that reduces plant height by approximately 40.0% and substantially decreases peduncle development by 45.0%, has been suggested as an alternative dwarfing gene for wheat improvement. However, the mechanism of dwarf caused by Rht12 is unclear and efficient molecular markers of Rht12 is also lacking in breeding. To explore candidate genes involved in peduncle elongation and to construct a genetic map of Rht12, RNA-seq analysis was applied using the peduncle samples at heading stages of the tall and dwarf residual heterozygous lines derived from the cross of Ningchun45 (rht12rht12) and Karcagi12 (Rht12Rht12). Differentially expressed genes were screened and annotated, genes involved in polyamine oxidation, carotenoid biosynthesis, protein ubiquitination process and ascorbate pathway were found to be associated with peduncle elongation. Moreover, ten KASP markers on chromosome 5AL closely linked with Rht12 were developed using the SNPs from the RNA-seq data with an F2 mapping population. Furthermore, these markers were mapped to the wheat genome sequence and Rht12 was predicted within the region of 673.7–689.9 Mb on chromosome 5AL. These results provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the peduncle and other stems in wheat, especially in Rht12 dwarf plants, and also promote fine mapping of Rht12.

中文翻译：

---

Rht12矮生植物花梗发育的RNA-seq分析及普通小麦Rht12的初步定位

Rht12 是一种显性矮化基因，可将植株高度降低约 40.0% 并将花序梗发育降低 45.0%，已被建议作为小麦改良的替代矮化基因。然而，Rht12引起矮化的机制尚不清楚，育种中也缺乏有效的Rht12分子标记。为了探索参与花梗伸长的候选基因并构建Rht12的遗传图谱，使用来自Ningchun45（rht12rht12）和Karcagi12（ Rht12Rht12)。对差异表达基因进行筛选和注释，涉及多胺氧化、类胡萝卜素生物合成、发现蛋白质泛素化过程和抗坏血酸途径与花序梗伸长有关。此外，使用来自具有 F2 映射群体的 RNA-seq 数据的 SNP 开发了染色体 5AL 上与 Rht12 密切相关的十个 KASP 标记。此外，这些标记被定位到小麦基因组序列上，并且在染色体 5AL 上的 673.7-689.9 Mb 区域内预测了 Rht12。这些结果有助于更好地了解小麦，尤其是 Rht12 矮化植物中花序梗和其他茎发育的分子机制，并促进了 Rht12 的精细定位。这些标记被定位到小麦基因组序列上，并且在染色体 5AL 上的 673.7-689.9 Mb 区域内预测了 Rht12。这些结果有助于更好地了解小麦，尤其是 Rht12 矮化植物中花序梗和其他茎发育的分子机制，并促进了 Rht12 的精细定位。这些标记被定位到小麦基因组序列上，并且在染色体 5AL 上的 673.7-689.9 Mb 区域内预测了 Rht12。这些结果有助于更好地了解小麦，尤其是 Rht12 矮化植物中花序梗和其他茎发育的分子机制，并促进了 Rht12 的精细定位。