Mycotoxins are a major contaminant of pig feed and have negative effects on health and performance. The present study investigated the impact of single or repeated acute challenges with a diet naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) on growth performances of finishing pigs and their fecal microbiota composition. A total of 160 pigs (castrated males and females) in two successive batches were randomly divided into four experimental groups of 40 pigs each. The control group received a control finisher diet from 99 to 154 days of age. Challenged groups were subjected to a 7-day acute challenge by being fed a DON- and ZEN-contaminated diet (3.02 mg DON/kg feed and 0.76 mg ZEN/kg feed) at 113 days (group DC), 134 days (group CD) or both 113 and 134 days (group DD). Microbiota composition was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing from fecal samples collected from the 80 females at 99, 119, 140 and 154 days. Challenged pigs (i.e. groups DC, CD and DD) reduced their average daily feed intake by 25% and 27% (P < 0.001) and feed efficiency by 34% and 28% (P < 0.05) during the first and second mycotoxin exposure, respectively. Microbiota composition was affected by mycotoxin exposure (P = 0.07 during the first exposure and P = 0.01 during the second exposure). At the family level, mycotoxin exposure significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the relative abundances of Ruminococcaceae, Streptococcaceae and Veillonellaceae and increased that of Erysipelotrichaceae at both 119 and 140 days of age. After the 7-day DON/ZEN challenge, the relative abundance of 6 to 148 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) differed among the treatment groups. However, none of these OTUs changed in all treatment groups. Using 27 functional pathways, pigs exposed to DON/ZEN challenges could be distinguished from control pigs using sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis, with a 15% misclassification rate. Regarding the functionality of these predictors, two pathways were involved in detoxifying mycotoxins: drug metabolism and xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450. In challenged pigs, microbiota composition returned to the initial state within 3 weeks after the end of a single or repeated DON/ZEN challenge, highlighting the resilience of the gut microbiome. The feeding and growth performances of the pigs during challenge periods were significantly correlated with biological pathways related to health problems and modifications in host metabolism. To conclude, short-term DON/ZEN challenges resulted in transient modifications in the composition and functions of fecal microbiota.

霉菌毒素是猪饲料的主要污染物，对健康和性能有负面影响。本研究调查了天然脱氧雪腐酚（DON）和玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）天然污染的饮食对单一或重复急性挑战对肥育猪生长性能及其粪便微生物群组成的影响。连续两个批次将总共160头猪（cast割的雄性和雌性）随机分为四个实验组，每组40头猪。对照组接受99至154天的对照育肥肥饮食。挑战组在113天（DC组），134天（组）接受DON和ZEN污染的饮食（3.02 mg DON / kg饲料和0.76 mg ZEN / kg饲料）接受7天急性攻击。CD）或113天和134天（DD组）。通过16S rRNA测序，在99、119、140和154天从收集自80名女性的粪便样品中分析微生物群组成。在第一次和第二次霉菌毒素暴露期间，受挑战的猪（即DC，CD和DD组）的日平均饲料摄入量减少了25％和27％（P <0.001），饲料效率降低了34％和28％（P <0.05），分别。微生物菌的组成受霉菌毒素暴露的影响（第一次暴露期间P = 0.07 ，第二次暴露期间P = 0.01）。在家庭水平上，真菌毒素暴露显着（P <0.05）降低了球菌科的相对丰度，链球菌和韦荣氏球菌科和增加了的丹毒的幼儿和119和140天。在为期7天的DON / ZEN挑战后，相对丰富的6到148个操作生物分类单位（OTU）在治疗组之间有所不同。但是，所有治疗组的这些OTU均未改变。使用稀疏偏最小二乘判别分析，可以使用27条功能途径将暴露于DON / ZEN挑战的猪与对照猪区分开，错误分类率为15％。关于这些预测因子的功能，霉菌毒素解毒涉及两个途径：药物代谢和细胞色素P450的异源代谢。在受攻击的猪中，在一次或重复的DON / ZEN攻击结束后3周内，微生物群组成恢复到初始状态，突出了肠道微生物组的适应性。激发期间猪的饲养和生长性能与与健康问题和宿主代谢改变有关的生物学途径显着相关。