Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder in which children present prefrontal cortex (PFC) related functions deficit. Proactive cognitive control is a process that anticipates the requirement of cognitive control and crucially depends on the maturity of the PFC. Since this process is important to ADHD symptomatology, we here test the hypothesis that children with ADHD have proactive cognitive control impairments and that these impairments are reflected in the PFC oscillatory activity. We recorded EEG signals from 29 male children with ADHD and 25 typically developing (TD) male children while they performed a Go-Nogo task, where the likelihood of a Nogo stimulus increased while a sequence of consecutive Go stimuli elapsed. TD children showed proactive cognitive control by increasing their reaction time (RT) concerning the number of preceding Go stimuli, whereas children with ADHD did not. This adaptation was related to modulations in both P3a potential and lateral prefrontal theta oscillation for TD children. Children with ADHD as a group did not demonstrate either P3a or theta modulation. But, individual variation in theta activity was correlated with the ADHD symptomatology. The results depict a neurobiological mechanism of proactive cognitive control impairments in children with ADHD.

中文翻译：

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外侧前额叶 Theta 振荡反映了患有注意力缺陷多动障碍的男性的主动认知控制障碍

注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 是一种常见的神经精神疾病，其中儿童出现前额叶皮层 (PFC) 相关功能缺陷。主动认知控制是一个预测认知控制要求的过程，关键取决于 PFC 的成熟度。由于这个过程对 ADHD 症状很重要，我们在这里测试了 ADHD 儿童具有主动认知控制障碍并且这些障碍反映在 PFC 振荡活动中的假设。我们记录了 29 名患有多动症的男孩和 25 名正常发育 (TD) 男孩在执行 Go-Nogo 任务时的 EEG 信号，其中 Nogo 刺激的可能性增加，而一系列连续的 Go 刺激过去了。TD 儿童通过增加他们对先前 Go 刺激数量的反应时间 (RT) 表现出积极的认知控制，而 ADHD 儿童则没有。这种适应与 TD 儿童的 P3a 电位和侧前额叶 theta 振荡的调制有关。作为一个群体的 ADHD 儿童没有表现出 P3a 或 theta 调制。但是，θ 活动的个体差异与 ADHD 症状相关。结果描述了 ADHD 儿童主动认知控制障碍的神经生物学机制。作为一个群体的 ADHD 儿童没有表现出 P3a 或 theta 调制。但是，θ 活动的个体差异与 ADHD 症状相关。结果描述了 ADHD 儿童主动认知控制障碍的神经生物学机制。作为一个群体的 ADHD 儿童没有表现出 P3a 或 theta 调制。但是，θ 活动的个体差异与 ADHD 症状相关。结果描述了 ADHD 儿童主动认知控制障碍的神经生物学机制。