Purpose

Informed by ecological theories and models of influence, this review discusses various psychosocial risk and protective factors that contribute to adolescent substance use behavior. Given typical patterns of substance use initiation during this developmental period, an emphasis is placed on alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use.

Findings

Consistent with bioecological theories, peers and parents tend to have the strongest effect on adolescent substance use behavior. Influences can be both direct, such as offers and availability to use substances, as well as indirect influences, such as the perception of substance use approval. Schools and neighborhoods also contribute to adolescent substance use behavior, but this effect is often less direct. Moreover, the effect of neighborhoods on adolescent behavior reflects both structural components (e.g., neighborhood racial composition, teacher-student ratios) in addition to social process (e.g., neighborhood social cohesion, school connectedness). A review of parallel studies conducted with animals is also provided.

Summary

Adolescent substance use behavior does not occur in a vacuum. Investigations must encompass the relevant social ecologies that affect adolescent behavior, including family, peer, school, and neighborhood contexts to provide a more complete understanding of substance use etiology.

中文翻译：

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与青少年物质使用相关的心理社会因素的回顾。

 目的

这篇综述以生态理论和影响模型为基础，讨论了导致青少年物质使用行为的各种社会心理风险和保护因素。考虑到该发育时期物质使用开始的典型模式，重点放在酒精、香烟和大麻的使用上。

 发现

与生物生态学理论一致，同龄人和父母往往对青少年物质使用行为的影响最强。影响既可以是直接的，例如使用物质的提议和可用性，也可以是间接的，例如对物质使用批准的看法。学校和社区也会导致青少年的药物使用行为，但这种影响往往不太直接。此外，邻里对青少年行为的影响除了社会过程（例如邻里社会凝聚力、学校连通性）之外，还反映了结构性组成部分（例如邻里种族构成、师生比例）。还提供了对动物进行的平行研究的回顾。

 概括

青少年的物质使用行为并不是凭空发生的。调查必须涵盖影响青少年行为的相关社会生态，包括家庭、同伴、学校和社区环境，以便更全面地了解物质使用的病因。