The myelination of axons, which is performed in brain tissues by specialized glial cells (oligodendrocytes) is crucial for correct formation of the complicated neural circuitry necessary for normal cognition, sensation, and motor function. Myelin-related anomalies are seen in many neurodegenerative diseases and in psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Chronic stress involving chronic stress early in life is believed to be a major etiological factor of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying stress-induced psychopathologies are actively investigated, there is still little data about the role that is played in the development of these pathologies by myelin and oligodendrocyte impairments caused by chronic stress. In this article, after brief review of published data on myelin abnormalities in stress-related psychiatric disorders, we focus on recent cellular and molecular discoveries in various rodent models including models of chronic unpredictable stress, social isolation stress, chronic social defeat stress, and chronic immobilization stress. We also attempt to compile and analyze currently scarce data on myelin-related impairments resulting from early postnatal stress.

轴突的髓鞘化，是由专门的神经胶质细胞（少突胶质细胞）在脑组织中进行的，对于正确形成正常的认知，感觉和运动功能所必需的复杂神经回路至关重要。在许多神经退行性疾病和精神疾病（包括重度抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍）中都发现了髓磷脂相关异常。生命早期涉及慢性应激的慢性应激被认为是神经精神疾病的主要病因。尽管积极研究了应激诱导的精神病理学的分子和细胞机制，但关于慢性应激引起的髓鞘和少突胶质细胞损害在这些病理学发展中所起的作用的数据仍然很少。在本文中，在简要回顾了与压力相关的精神疾病中髓鞘异常的已发表数据之后，我们重点研究了各种啮齿动物模型中最新的细胞和分子发现，其中包括慢性不可预测压力，社会孤立压力，慢性社交失败压力和慢性固定压力。我们还尝试汇编和分析因出生后早期应激而导致的髓磷脂相关损伤的当前稀有数据。