Abstract Warming global climates represent major threats to avian populations, particularly those reliant on surface water within arid biomes. We investigated terrestrial avian use of groundwater-dominated arid zone waterholes in central Australia to identify species vulnerable to climate change. Camera traps set in Watarrka National Park recorded avian species over 14 months at three waterholes during 2014 and 2015. Recorded species were assigned to functional groups, which included nectarivores, granivores, carnivores and omnivores. Generalised Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) were used to model daily trapping rates (DTRs) for each functional group at waterholes in relation to daily maximum temperature and days since last rainfall. Granivores exhibited high DTRs across the entire daily maximum temperature range (15 °C–43 °C). Increasing threshold responses beyond specific daily maximum temperatures were exhibited by nectarivores (35 °C), carnivores (30 °C) and omnivores (30 °C). The DTRs for all functional groups increased with days since last rainfall. These data indicate species within all functional groups are vulnerable to a warming climate, even those that are considered to be surface water independent, as increasing waterhole visitations in torrid conditions reduces foraging time and could lead to reduced fitness in particular individuals.

中文翻译：

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陆地鸟类水坑访问中的热驱动阈值表明易受气候变暖的影响

摘要 全球气候变暖对鸟类种群构成了重大威胁，尤其是那些依赖干旱生物群落地表水的鸟类。我们调查了陆地鸟类对澳大利亚中部以地下水为主的干旱区水坑的利用，以确定易受气候变化影响的物种。2014 年和 2015 年，在 Watarrka 国家公园设置的相机陷阱在 14 个月内在三个水坑记录了鸟类物种。记录的物种被分配到功能组，包括食蜜动物、食肉动物、食肉动物和杂食动物。广义加性混合模型 (GAMM) 用于模拟与自上次降雨以来的每日最高温度和天数相关的水坑中每个功能组的每日捕获率 (DTR)。Granivores 在整个每日最高温度范围 (15 °C–43 °C) 中表现出高 DTR。食蜜动物 (35 °C)、食肉动物 (30 °C) 和杂食动物 (30 °C) 表现出超过特定每日最高温度的阈值反应。自上次降雨以来，所有功能组的 DTR 随天数增加。这些数据表明，所有功能组内的物种都容易受到气候变暖的影响，即使是那些被认为与地表水无关的物种，因为在炎热条件下增加水坑访问会减少觅食时间，并可能导致特定个体的健康状况下降。