Abstract Transdisciplinary research is a well-recognised approach to address complex real-world problems. However, the literature on a central aspect of transdisciplinarity, namely stakeholder involvement, largely lacks a reflection on its objectives. In response, we present a framework defining four general rationales for stakeholder involvement: normative, substantive, social-learning, and implementation objectives. We demonstrate the applicability of the framework and analyse how the design and processes of three collaborative research projects dealing with sustainable land management in Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America were affected by motivations to include stakeholders. Our assessment indicates that at the projects' outset, many scientists pursued a normative rationale and saw stakeholder involvement as a burden. In the course of the projects, the substantive objective became more relevant as being closely linked to the core mandate of scientists. The projects also aimed for social learning and implementation processes, which, however, did not remain uncontested among team members. Overall, our study indicates that jointly negotiating, clarifying, communicating, and reflecting the underlying objectives of stakeholder involvement can help developing more effective interaction strategies and clarifying expectations. The conceptual framework can guide a systematic reflective and reflexive practise and support the planning and co-designing of future transdisciplinary research projects.

中文翻译：

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利益相关者参与跨学科研究的目标。反思性和反思性实践的概念框架

摘要 跨学科研究是解决复杂现实世界问题的公认方法。然而，关于跨学科核心方面的文献，即利益相关者的参与，在很大程度上缺乏对其目标的反思。作为回应，我们提出了一个框架，定义了利益相关者参与的四个基本原理：规范性、实质性、社会学习和实施目标。我们展示了该框架的适用性，并分析了三个涉及南部非洲、东南亚和南美洲可持续土地管理的合作研究项目的设计和过程如何受到包括利益相关者的动机的影响。我们的评估表明，在项目开始时，许多科学家追求规范的理由，并将利益相关者的参与视为一种负担。在项目过程中，实质性目标变得更加相关，因为它与科学家的核心任务密切相关。这些项目还针对社会学习和实施过程，然而，这在团队成员之间并非没有争议。总的来说，我们的研究表明，共同协商、澄清、沟通和反映利益相关者参与的基本目标有助于制定更有效的互动策略和明确期望。概念框架可以指导系统的反思和反思实践，并支持未来跨学科研究项目的规划和共同设计。这些项目还针对社会学习和实施过程，然而，这在团队成员之间并非没有争议。总的来说，我们的研究表明，共同协商、澄清、沟通和反映利益相关者参与的基本目标有助于制定更有效的互动策略和明确期望。概念框架可以指导系统的反思和反思实践，并支持未来跨学科研究项目的规划和共同设计。这些项目还针对社会学习和实施过程，然而，这在团队成员之间并非没有争议。总的来说，我们的研究表明，共同协商、澄清、沟通和反映利益相关者参与的基本目标有助于制定更有效的互动策略和明确期望。概念框架可以指导系统的反思和反思实践，并支持未来跨学科研究项目的规划和共同设计。反映利益相关者参与的基本目标有助于制定更有效的互动策略和明确期望。概念框架可以指导系统的反思和反思实践，并支持未来跨学科研究项目的规划和共同设计。反映利益相关者参与的基本目标有助于制定更有效的互动策略和明确期望。概念框架可以指导系统的反思和反思实践，并支持未来跨学科研究项目的规划和共同设计。