Single bouts of land-based exercise (for example, walking, running, cycling) do not typically alter post-exercise energy intake on the day of exercise. However, anecdotal and preliminary empirical evidence suggests that swimming may increase appetite and energy intake. This study compared the acute effects of swimming on appetite, energy intake, and food preference and reward, versus exertion-matched cycling and a resting control. Thirty-two men (n = 17; mean ± SD age 24 ± 2 years, body mass index [BMI] 25.0 ± 2.6 kg/m2) and women (n = 15; age 22 ± 3 years, BMI 22.8 ± 2.3 kg/m2) completed three experimental trials (swimming, cycling, control) in a randomised, crossover design. The exercise trials involved 60-min of 'hard' exercise (self-selected rating of perceived exertion: 15) performed 90-min after a standardised breakfast. Food preference and reward were assessed via the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire 15-min after exercise, whilst ad libitum energy intake was determined 30-min after exercise. The control trial involved identical procedures except no exercise was performed. Compared with control (3259 ± 1265 kJ), swimming increased ad libitum energy intake (3857 ± 1611 kJ; ES = 0.47, 95% CI of the mean difference between trials 185, 1010 kJ, P = 0.005); the magnitude of increase was smaller after cycling (3652 ± 1619 kJ; ES = 0.31, 95% CI -21, 805 kJ, P = 0.062). Ad libitum energy intake was similar between swimming and cycling (ES = 0.16, 95% CI -207, 618 kJ, P = 0.324). This effect was consistent across sexes and unrelated to food preference and reward which were similar after swimming and cycling compared with control. This study has identified an orexigenic effect of swimming. Further research is needed to identify the responsible mechanism(s), including the relevance of water immersion and water temperature per se.

中文翻译：

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一次剧烈的游泳会增加年轻健康男性和女性的运动后能量摄入

单次陆上运动（例如步行、跑步、骑自行车）通常不会改变运动当天的运动后能量摄入。然而，轶事和初步经验证据表明，游泳可能会增加食欲和能量摄入。这项研究比较了游泳对食欲、能量摄入、食物偏好和奖励的急性影响，以及与运动相匹配的自行车和休息控制。32 名男性（n = 17；平均 ± SD 年龄 24 ± 2 岁，体重指数 [BMI] 25.0 ± 2.6 kg/m2）和女性（n = 15；年龄 22 ± 3 岁，BMI 22.8 ± 2.3 kg/m2） m2) 在随机交叉设计中完成了三个实验试验（游泳、骑自行车、控制）。运动试验涉及 60 分钟的“硬”运动（自我选择的感知运动评分：15），在标准化早餐后进行 90 分钟。运动后 15 分钟通过利兹食物偏好问卷评估食物偏好和奖励，而运动后 30 分钟确定随意摄入的能量。对照试验涉及相同的程序，只是没有进行锻炼。与对照组 (3259 ± 1265 kJ) 相比，游泳增加了随意摄入的能量（3857 ± 1611 kJ；ES = 0.47，试验之间平均差异的 95% CI 185、1010 kJ，P = 0.005）；循环后增加幅度较小（3652 ± 1619 kJ；ES = 0.31, 95% CI -21, 805 kJ, P = 0.062）。游泳和骑自行车的随意能量摄入相似（ES = 0.16, 95% CI -207, 618 kJ, P = 0.324）。这种效应在不同性别之间是一致的，并且与游泳和骑自行车后与对照组相比相似的食物偏好和奖励无关。这项研究已经确定了游泳的食欲作用。需要进一步研究以确定负责任的机制，包括水浸和水温本身的相关性。