Purpose Environmental assessments of electric vehicles (EV) require scientifically sound and robust fuel consumption models. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel method and model for calculating energy demand of battery electric (BEV) and series plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) vehicles. Methods This paper presents an open-source simulation model for BEV and series PHEV powertrains. It is based on driving and powertrain physics, such as a net force approach to calculate force demand at the tire patch, and the use of motor maps to model motor efficiency. The modeling approach is well suited to include important EV powertrain aspects, such as regenerative braking and battery charging and discharging losses. Results The presented method provides parsimonious open-source EV powertrain modeling to the environmental assessment community. It enables the calculation of vehicle energy demand (in MJ/100 km) and so-called energy reduction values (in MJ/100 km and 100 kg vehicle mass reduction) that are specific to each EV configuration and design change. Conclusions The presented EV powertrain model complements the ICV powertrain model introduced in part 1 of this paper series. It uses the same modeling methods as the ICV model, which gives it the same modeling advantages, and also facilitates environmental comparisons across powertrain types.

中文翻译：

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用于环境车辆评估的简约动力系统建模：第 2 部分——电动汽车

目的 电动汽车 (EV) 的环境评估需要科学合理且稳健的燃料消耗模型。本文的目的是介绍一种计算纯电动 (BEV) 和串联插电式混合动力 (PHEV) 车辆能量需求的新方法和模型。方法 本文提出了一种用于 BEV 和串联 PHEV 动力系统的开源仿真模型。它基于驱动和动力系统物理学，例如计算轮胎补片处的力需求的净力方法，以及使用电机映射来模拟电机效率。该建模方法非常适合包括重要的 EV 动力系统方面，例如再生制动和电池充电和放电损耗。结果 所提出的方法为环境评估社区提供了简洁的开源 EV 动力系统建模。它可以计算特定于每个 EV 配置和设计更改的车辆能量需求（以 MJ/100 公里为单位）和所谓的能量减少值（以 MJ/100 公里和 100 公斤车辆质量减少）。结论 所呈现的 EV 动力总成模型补充了本系列论文第 1 部分中介绍的 ICV 动力总成模型。它使用与 ICV 模型相同的建模方法，这赋予了它相同的建模优势，并且还促进了动力总成类型之间的环境比较。