Abstract.

The cohesion of insect swarms has been attributed to the fact that the resultant internal interactions of the swarming insects produce, on the average, a centrally attractive force that acts on each individual. Here it is shown how insect swarms can also be bound together by centrally forces that on the average are repulsive (outwardly directed from the swarm centres). This is predicted to arise when velocity statistics are heterogeneous (position-dependent). Evidence for repulsive forces is found in laboratory swarms of Chironomus riparius midges. In homogeneous swarms, the net inward acceleration balances the tendency of diffusion (stochastic noise) to transport individuals away from the centre of the swarm. In heterogenous swarms, turbophoresis --the tendency for individuals to migrate in the direction of decreasing kinetic energy-- is operating. The new finding adds to the growing realization that insect swarms are analogous to self-gravitating systems. By acting in opposition to central attraction (gravity), the effects of heterogeneous velocities (energies) are analogous to the effects of dark energy. The emergence of resultant forces from collective behaviours would not be possible if individual flight patterns were themselves unstable. It is shown how individuals reduce the potential for the loose of flight control by minimizing the influence of jerks to which they are subjected.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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昆虫群可以被排斥力束缚在一起。

摘要。

昆虫群的凝聚力归因于这样一个事实，即成群的昆虫所产生的内部相互作用平均会产生作用于每个个体的中央吸引力。此处显示了昆虫群也可以如何通过平均为排斥力（从群中心向外定向）的集中力将它们束缚在一起。当速度统计数据是异构的（取决于位置）时，预计会出现这种情况。实验室中的Chironomus riparius群发现有排斥力的证据。ges 在同质群中，净内向加速度平衡了将个体从群中心移开的扩散趋势（随机噪声）。在异类群中，涡轮电泳（个体向动能减小的方向迁移的趋势）正在起作用。这一新发现使人们越来越认识到昆虫群类似于自重系统。通过与中心引力（重力）相反，异质速度（能量）的影响类似于暗能量的影响。如果个体飞行模式本身不稳定，则无法从集体行为中产生合力。

图形概要