Mountains cover approximately three quarters of the Vietnam, mainly in the north, west, and central parts of the country. Among the 38 ethnic minorities inhabiting the northern mountains of Vietnam, the Thai population is the second largest. Cultural landscapes and traditional agricultural uplands shaped by the Thai have a long history and represent a mosaic of paddy and vegetable fields along rivers and springs, forests and plantations of trees on slopes. This pattern is now changing significantly, which results in a diversification of the fields shaped by Thai farmers. This study deals with understanding the pressures driving the changes, the new state of the upland agriculture, and the way the Thai of the Son Thinh mountain (Yen Bai, Vietnam) respond to sustain their upland farming systems. Land quality indicators (LQIs) are identified using the pressure–state–response (PSR) framework. Sixty completed questionnaires with 65 closed questions each using a five-point Likert scale were collected in 2016. The results show that Thai farmers nowadays apply a wider-scale solutions to deal with the sustainability of agricultural upland on the slopes as compared to a limited number of traditional farming techniques that were used in the past. Climate change hazards (floods, droughts, landslides, extreme cold, and flash floods), the scarcity of irrigation water, and agricultural land put pressure on the slopes. The most noticeable socioeconomic impacts are migration, population growth, and unstable input and output prices. The most considerable changes in the state of the land quality are soil erosion, land degradation, and local cultivation practices. Modifying cultivation options, applying soil conservation practices, improving indigenous techniques, and implementing agricultural land use policies are the most significant responses to modify land use and its pressures. Responses of the Thai farmers on sustainable sloping land use are put in a structural model with a horizontal diversification strategy. Recommendations concern mainstreaming the local indigenous knowledge on agricultural land use, land management policies, and implementing the LQIs based on PSR framework for sustainable land use planning on the slopes in Vietnam.

中文翻译：

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对现代倾斜农田压力的多样化反应：泰国农民对越南北部山区景观的看法

山脉约占越南的四分之三，主要位于该国的北部、西部和中部。在居住在越南北部山区的38个少数民族中，泰国人口居第二位。由泰国人塑造的文化景观和传统农业高地历史悠久，代表了河流和泉水沿岸的稻田和蔬菜田、森林和斜坡上的树木种植园。这种模式现在正在发生重大变化，这导致泰国农民塑造的田地多样化。本研究旨在了解推动变化的压力、高地农业的新状态，以及山盛山（越南安白）的泰国人维持高地农业系统的反应方式。土地质量指标 (LQI) 是使用压力-状态-响应 (PSR) 框架确定的。2016 年收集了 60 份完成的问卷，每份问卷有 65 个封闭式问题，使用五点李克特量表。 结果表明，与数量有限的数量相比，泰国农民如今采用更广泛的解决方案来应对斜坡农业高地的可持续性过去使用的传统农业技术。气候变化危害（洪水、干旱、山体滑坡、极端寒冷和山洪暴发）、灌溉水短缺和农业用地给斜坡带来了压力。最显着的社会经济影响是移民、人口增长以及不稳定的投入和产出价格。土地质量状况最显着的变化是土壤侵蚀、土地退化、和当地的种植习惯。改变耕作选择、应用土壤保持实践、改进本土技术和实施农业土地利用政策是改变土地利用及其压力的最重要的反应。泰国农民对可持续坡地利用的反应被置于具有横向多样化战略的结构模型中。建议涉及将当地有关农业土地使用的土著知识、土地管理政策和实施基于 PSR 框架的 LQI，以便在越南斜坡上进行可持续的土地利用规划。泰国农民对可持续坡地利用的反应被置于具有横向多样化战略的结构模型中。建议涉及将当地有关农业土地使用的土著知识、土地管理政策和实施基于 PSR 框架的 LQI，以便在越南斜坡上进行可持续的土地利用规划。泰国农民对可持续坡地利用的反应被置于具有横向多样化战略的结构模型中。建议涉及将当地有关农业土地使用的土著知识、土地管理政策和实施基于 PSR 框架的 LQI，以便在越南斜坡上进行可持续的土地利用规划。