We report a novel anode potential controlled charging strategy for lithium-ion cells which eliminates lithium plating under most aggressive conditions, such as at low temperatures. This is applicable for lithium-ion cells with a graphite anode irrespective of the form factor, capacity or cathode chemistry. This new charging strategy leads to a seven-fold increase in cycle life and a concomitant improvement in the electrochemical performance. Conventional charging shows copious lithium plating swiftly followed by cell failure due to accelerated increase in the anode resistance. The anode potential controlled charging strategy, based on a three-electrode cell construction, exhibits minimal increase in the anode resistance and shows no signs of lithium plating in operational extremes. Optical micrographs and high-resolution scanning electron images confirm that the graphite anode in the conventionally charged Li-ion cell undergoes significant loss in porosity resulting in massive underlithiation and dramatic capacity fading. The degradation rate in the anode is decelerated in anode potential controlled charging by ensuring that plating potential is not reached and improving ion transport in the anode even at low temperatures due to the absence of decomposition products that would have formed during plating.

中文翻译：

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阳极电位控制充电可防止锂电镀

我们报告了一种新型的锂离子电池阳极电势控制充电策略，该策略可在最苛刻的条件下（例如在低温下）消除锂电镀。这适用于具有石墨阳极的锂离子电池，而不考虑形状因数，容量或阴极化学性质。这种新的充电策略导致循环寿命增加了七倍，并伴随着电化学性能的提高。常规充电显示，由于阳极电阻的加速增加，大量锂电镀迅速发生，随后发生电池故障。基于三电极电池结构的阳极电势控制充电策略显示出阳极电阻的最小增加，并且在极端运行情况下未显示出锂电镀的迹象。光学显微照片和高分辨率扫描电子图像证实，常规充电的锂离子电池中的石墨阳极孔隙率显着下降，从而导致大量欠锂化和显着的容量衰减。通过确保不达到镀覆电位并即使由于在低温下由于没有在镀覆期间会形成的分解产物而改善阳极中的离子传输，在阳极电势控制的充电中使阳极中的降解速率减慢。