ABSTRACT We investigate the spatial and temporal variability of the net ocean–atmosphere heat flux (Q net) over the Indian Ocean (north of 30 S) for the period 2005–2008, as estimated from remotely sensed observations. Net heat flux data are based on turbulent fluxes from the Institut Français pour la Recherche et l’Exploitation de la MER (IFREMER) and radiative fluxes, both shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) as produced at the University of Maryland (UMD). Special attention is given to the Arabian Sea (AS) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The estimates are evaluated against the Research Moored Array for African–Asian–Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA). Results are also compared to several widely used atmospheric re-analyses products such as the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis-Interim (ERA-I), the ERA5, the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2), and the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). It is demonstrated that satellite-based estimates of heat flux components are in better agreement with in-situ buoy observations than re-analysis-based products. As such, the satellite products can be instrumental in diagnosing model performance and utilized for addressing research issues related to atmospheric and oceanic dynamics in the Indian Monsoon. It was found that the mean Q net is higher in the AS than in the BoB, yet the phase of their monthly time series is well correlated with ocean heat gain/loss extremes. We have also investigated the relationship between Q net and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (mixed layer temperature proxy) with respect to their consistency. It was found that over most of the open Indian Ocean, at least half of the seasonal SST magnitude is explained by the seasonal Q net. Given the small ( month) delay between an annual maximum of the seasonal mixed layer heat content rate of change and the seasonal Q net, it is concluded that Q net data presented in this paper are generally consistent with independently observed SST.

中文翻译：

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北印度洋净热通量的年度和季节变化

摘要 我们调查了 2005-2008 年期间印度洋（30 S 以北）的净海洋 - 大气热通量（Q net）的空间和时间变化，这是根据遥感观测估计的。净热通量数据基于法国研究与开发研究所 (IFREMER) 的湍流通量和马里兰大学 (UMD) 产生的短波 (SW) 和长波 (LW) 辐射通量. 特别关注阿拉伯海 (AS) 和孟加拉湾 (BoB)。这些估计值是根据非洲-亚洲-澳大利亚季风分析和预测研究系泊阵列 (RAMA) 进行评估的。结果还与几种广泛使用的大气再分析产品进行了比较，例如欧洲中期天气预报中心 (ECMWF) 再分析临时 (ERA-I)、ERA5、现代研究和应用回顾性分析 (MERRA-2) 和气候预测系统再分析 (CFSR)。结果表明，与基于再分析的产品相比，基于卫星的热通量分量估计与现场浮标观测更吻合。因此，卫星产品可用于诊断模型性能并用于解决与印度季风中的大气和海洋动力学相关的研究问题。发现 AS 中的平均 Q 净值高于 BoB，但其每月时间序列的相位与海洋热量增加/损失极值密切相关。我们还研究了 Q net 和海面温度 (SST)（混合层温度代理）之间在一致性方面的关系。发现在大部分开放的印度洋上，至少有一半的季节性 SST 幅度​​是由季节性 Q 网解释的。鉴于季节性混合层热含量变化率的年度最大值与季节性 Q 网之间的小（月）延迟，可以得出结论，本文提供的 Q 网数据与独立观测到的海温基本一致。