Synovial fluid is dynamic in vivo with biological components changing in ratio and size depending on the health of the joint space, making it difficult to model in vitro. Previous efforts to develop synthetic synovial fluid have typically focused on single organic‐tribological interactions with implant surfaces, thus ignoring interplay between multiple solution components. Using a Taguchi orthogonal array, we were able to isolate the individual effects of five independent synovial fluid composition variables: ratios of (1) hyaluronic acid to phospholipids (HA:PL) and (2) albumin to globulin (A:G), and concentrations of (3) hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), (4) cobalt (Co²⁺) and (5) chromium (Cr³⁺) ions on macrophage viability and reduced glutathione production, local solution pH and the comprehensive CoCrMo alloy electrochemical response. While no single synovial fluid variable significantly affected the collective response, HA:PL ratio resulted in the largest impact factor (Δ) on 12 of the 13 measured responses with significant effects (p < .05) on the average macrophage survival rate and electrochemical capacitive state of the CoCrMo surface. Cluster analysis separated significant responses from all trials into three groups, corresponding to healthy, mild, or severely inflamed fluids, respectively; with the healthy synovial fluid composition having mid‐range HA:PL ratios with no Co²⁺ ions, and the severely inflamed fluids consisting of low and high HA:PL ratios with H₂O₂ and Co²⁺ ions. By utilizing the Taguchi approach in combination with cluster analysis, we were able to advance our knowledge of complex multivariate synthetic synovial fluids influence on macrophage and electrochemical behavior at the cell‐solution‐metal interface.

中文翻译：

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使用田口阵列方法进行体外细胞摩擦腐蚀测试的合成假体周围滑液开发

滑液在体内是动态的，生物成分的比例和大小取决于关节空间的健康状况，因此难以在体外建模。以前开发合成滑液的努力通常集中在与植入物表面的单一有机摩擦学相互作用上，因此忽略了多种溶液成分之间的相互作用。使用田口正交阵列，我们能够分离出五个独立滑液成分变量的个体效应：(1) 透明质酸与磷脂 (HA:PL) 和 (2) 白蛋白与球蛋白 (A:G) 的比率，以及(3) 过氧化氢 (H ₂ O ₂ )、(4) 钴 (Co ²⁺ ) 和 (5) 铬 (Cr ³⁺ ) 的浓度) 离子对巨噬细胞活力和谷胱甘肽生成减少、局部溶液 pH 值和 CoCrMo 合金综合电化学响应的影响。虽然没有单一的滑液变量显着影响集体反应，但 HA:PL 比率对 13 个测量反应中的 12 个产生最大影响因子 (Δ  )，对平均巨噬细胞存活率和电化学电容有显着影响 ( p < .05) CoCrMo 表面的状态。聚类分析将所有试验的显着反应分为三组，分别对应于健康、轻度或严重发炎的液体；具有中等 HA:PL 比率且不含 Co ²⁺离子的健康滑液组合物，以及由低和高 HA:PL 比率和 H 组成的严重炎症流体₂ O ₂和 Co ²⁺离子。通过将田口方法与聚类分析相结合，我们能够进一步了解复杂的多元合成滑液对巨噬细胞和细胞-溶液-金属界面电化学行为的影响。