Neurological disorders are challenging to study given the complexity and species-specific features of the organ system. Brain organoids are three dimensional structured aggregates of neural tissue that are generated by self-organization and differentiation from pluripotent stem cells under optimized culture conditions. These brain organoids exhibit similar features of structural organization and cell type diversity as the developing human brain, creating opportunities to recapitulate disease phenotypes that are not otherwise accessible. Here we review the initial attempt in the field to apply brain organoid models for the study of many different types of human neurological disorders across a wide range of etiologies and pathophysiologies. Forthcoming advancements in both brain organoid technology as well as analytical methods have significant potentials to advance the understanding of neurological disorders and to uncover opportunities for meaningful therapeutic intervention.

鉴于器官系统的复杂性和物种特异性特征，神经系统疾病的研究具有挑战性。脑类器官是神经组织的三维结构化聚集体，由多能干细胞在优化培养条件下自组织和分化产生。这些大脑类器官表现出与发育中的人类大脑相似的结构组织和细胞类型多样性特征，从而创造了重述原本无法获得的疾病表型的机会。在这里，我们回顾了该领域的初步尝试，即应用大脑类器官模型来研究许多不同类型的人类神经系统疾病，涉及广泛的病因和病理生理学。