Anti-fungal immunity is characterized by the continuous interplay between immune activation and immune regulation processes. These processes have now been clearly shown not only in animal pre-clinical models but also in humans. To create and maintain this immune homeostasis, reciprocal interactions among the host immune system, fungal pathogens, and the microbiome are crucial. Notably, the microbiome exerts multiple direct and indirect antifungal effects that are particularly aimed at minimizing host tissue damage. Thus, in this microbiome era, the architecture of 3D culture system or ‘tissue organoids’ might finally represent a simple but effective in vitro ‘holobiont’ to unravel the diverse interactions and adaptations that evolve to overcome fungal infections.

抗真菌免疫的特征在于免疫激活和免疫调节过程之间的持续相互作用。现在，不仅在动物临床前模型中而且在人类中也清楚地显示了这些过程。为了建立和维持这种免疫稳态，宿主免疫系统，真菌病原体和微生物组之间的相互相互作用至关重要。值得注意的是，微生物组具有多种直接和间接的抗真菌作用，特别是旨在最大程度地减少宿主组织损伤。因此，在这个微生物时代，3D培养系统或“组织类器官”的体系结构可能最终代表了一个简单而有效的体外“全息生物”，以揭示克服真菌感染而发展的各种相互作用和适应性。