The study analyzed synthetically spatiotemporal distribution and evolution status of moraine-dammed lakes and potential dangerous glacial lakes (PDGLs) in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and revealed integrated risk degree of county-based glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) disaster by combining hazard of PDGLs, regional exposure, vulnerability of exposed elements, and adaptability and using the analytic hierarchy process and weighted comprehensive method. The results show there are 654 moraine-dammed lakes (> 0.018 km 2 ) with a total area of 200.25 km 2 in the QTP in the 2010s, of which 246 lakes with a total area of 78.38 km 2 are identified as PDGLs. Compared with 1990s, the number of lakes decreased only by 2.22%, whereas total lake area expanded by 25%. All PDGLs area increased by 84.40% and was higher significantly than 4.06% of non-PDGLs. The zones at very high and high integrated risk of GLOF disasters are concentrated on the middle Himalayas, middle-eastern Nyainqentanglha, and southern Tanggula Mountain. On the county scale, Nyalam, Tingri, Dinggyê, Lhozhag, Zhongba, Gamba, Kangma of the Himalayas, and Nierong, Dingqing, Banbar, Baqing, Bomi, and Basu of the Nyainqentanglha are located in the very high-risk zone, whereas other areas have low and very low integrated risk. The regionalization results for GLOF disasters risk are consistent with the distribution of historical GLOF disaster sites.

中文翻译：

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青藏高原（QTP）冰川湖溃决洪水（GLOF）灾害综合风险评估

该研究综合分析了青藏高原（QTP）冰碛湖和潜在危险冰川湖（PDGLs）的时空分布和演变状况，并结合揭示了县域冰川湖溃决洪水（GLOFs）灾害的综合风险度。 PDGLs 的危害、区域暴露、暴露元素的脆弱性和适应性，并使用层次分析法和加权综合方法。结果表明，2010年代青藏高原有654个冰碛湖（> 0.018 km 2 ），总面积为200.25 km 2 ，其中246个总面积为78.38 km 2 的湖泊被确定为PDGLs。与1990年代相比，湖泊数量仅减少了2.22%，而湖泊总面积增加了25%。所有PDGLs面积增加了84.40%，显着高于4。06% 的非 PDGL。GLOF 灾害的极高和高综合风险区集中在喜马拉雅山中部、念青唐古拉中东部和唐古拉山南部。在县域范围内，喜马拉雅山脉的聂荣、定日、定杰、洛扎格、中巴、冈巴、康玛和念青唐古拉的聂荣、定庆、班巴尔、巴庆、波密、巴苏等地处于极高风险区，而其他地区的综合风险很低和很低。GLOF 灾害风险的区域化结果与历史 GLOF 灾害站点的分布一致。念青唐古拉的聂荣、定庆、班巴尔、巴庆、波密、巴苏处于极高风险区，其他地区综合风险低、极低。GLOF 灾害风险的区域化结果与历史 GLOF 灾害站点的分布一致。念青唐古拉的聂荣、定庆、班巴尔、巴庆、波密、巴苏处于极高风险区，其他地区综合风险低、极低。GLOF 灾害风险的区域化结果与历史 GLOF 灾害站点的分布一致。