Space weather is a phenomenon in which radioactivity and atomic particles is caused by emission from the Sun and stars. It is one of the extreme climate events that could potentially has short-term and long-term impacts on infrastructure. The effects of this phenomenon are a multi-fold process that include electronic system, equipment and component failures, short-term and long-term hazards and consequences to astronauts and aircraft crews, electrostatic charge variation of satellites, disruptions in telecommunications systems, navigational systems, power transmission failures and disturbances to the rail traffic and power grids. The critical infrastructures are becoming interdependent to each other and these infrastructures are vulnerable if one of them is affected due to space weather. Railway infrastructure could be affected by the extreme space weather events and long-term evolution due to direct and indirect effects on system components, such as track circuits, electronic components in-built in signalling systems or indirectly via interdependencies on power, communications, etc. While several space weather-related studies focus on power grids, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and aviation sectors, a little attention has focused towards probability of railway infrastructure disruptions. Nevertheless, disruptions due to space weather on signalling and train control systems has documented but other systems that railway infrastructure dependent upon are not very well studied. Due to the advancements in digitalization, cloud storage, Internet of Things (IoT), etc., that are embedded with electronic equipment are also possible to prone to these effects and it is even become more susceptible to the extreme space weather events. This paper gives a review of space weather effects on railways and other transportation systems and provide some of the mitigation measures to the infrastructure and societal point of view.

中文翻译：

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空间天气气候对铁路基础设施的影响

太空天气是一种放射性和原子粒子是由太阳和恒星的发射引起的现象。这是极端气候事件之一，可能对基础设施产生短期和长期影响。这种现象的影响是一个多重过程，包括电子系统，设备和组件的故障，短期和长期的危害以及对宇航员和机组人员的后果，卫星的静电荷变化，电信系统，导航系统的中断。 ，电力传输故障以及对铁路交通和电网的干扰。关键基础设施变得相互依存，如果其中一个基础设施受到太空天气的影响，这些基础设施将变得脆弱。铁路基础设施可能会受到极端太空天气事件和长期发展的影响，这是由于对系统组件（例如轨道电路，信号系统内置的电子组件）的直接和间接影响，或通过对电源，通信的相互依赖性而间接导致的。尽管一些与空间天气有关的研究集中在电网，全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）和航空领域，但很少有人关注铁路基础设施遭到破坏的可能性。然而，已经记录了由于信号和火车控制系统中的太空天气造成的破坏，但是铁路基础设施所依赖的其他系统却没有得到很好的研究。由于数字化，云存储，物联网（IoT）等方面的进步，嵌入电子设备的电子装置也可能容易受到这些影响，甚至更容易受到极端太空天气事件的影响。本文回顾了空间天气对铁路和其他运输系统的影响，并针对基础设施和社会观点提供了一些缓解措施。