Sidr honey from Ziziphus species is gaining importance after Manuka honey due to its health benefits, therefore chemical fingerprinting of the Sidr honey from different regions of Pakistan was performed in comparison with other unifloral (Elettaria cardamomum, Citrus reticulata and Grewia asiatica) and polyfloral honey. Front face, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) was recorded at an excitation wavelength range from 250–450 nm with offset of 60 nm. All honey samples have fluorescent emission peaks at 342 and 349 nm attributed to amino acid (Tryptophan). The emission spectra of raw Sidr honey showed clear discrimination from uni/polyfloral and commercial samples owing to its phenolic profile with peaks at 396 and major distinctive peak at 451 nm that corresponds to caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. Whereas a year old Sidr honey showed decreased and shifted fluorescence emission from amino acid and phenolic compounds respectively. Variation in fluorescent intensity of phenolic compounds in Sidr honey from different regions of Pakistan may be attributed to diverse species of Ziziphus in these geographical areas. A broad band from 395 to 459 nm in commercial honey samples are due to fluorescence of Maillard reaction products that could be generated during thermal processing of honey. Natural variability exists among honey samples owing to different floral origin as authenticated by Principal Component and Heirarchial Cluster Analysis techniques applied in this study. The unique fluorescence emission spectra of raw Sidr honey samples proposed front face SFS as a simple technique for the quick identification of its monofloral origin. Therefore, fluorescent inherent markers are helpful in identifying botanical and geographical origin and may also be standardized to authenticate the purity of honey.

中文翻译：

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Sidr蜂蜜与单/多花蜂蜜样品的荧光指纹图谱

Ziziphus物种的Sidr蜂蜜因其对健康的益处而在Manuka蜂蜜之后变得越来越重要，因此与其他单花植物（Elettaria cardamomum，Citrus reticulata和Grewia asiatica）相比，对巴基斯坦不同地区的Sidr蜂蜜进行了化学指纹分析）和多花蜂蜜。在激发波长范围为250–450 nm，偏移为60 nm的情况下，记录了正面同步荧光光谱（SFS）。所有蜂蜜样品均在342和349 nm处具有归因于氨基酸（色氨酸）的荧光发射峰。Sidr蜂蜜的发射光谱显示出明显的区别于单/多花和商业样品，这是因为其具有酚类特征，其峰位于396，主要特征峰位于451 nm，分别对应于咖啡酸，绿原酸和阿魏酸。而一岁的Sidr蜂蜜分别显示出氨基酸和酚类化合物的荧光发射减少和移动。来自巴基斯坦不同地区的锡德尔蜂蜜中酚类化合物的荧光强度变化可能归因于吉普兹胡斯的各种物种在这些地理区域中。在商业蜂蜜样品中，从395到459 nm的宽波段是由于在蜂蜜热处理过程中可能产生的美拉德反应产物的荧光所致。蜂蜜样品中存在自然变异性，这是由于通过本研究中应用的主成分和Hirarchial Cluster Analysis技术验证了花卉来源不同。原始Sidr蜂蜜样品的独特荧光发射光谱提出将正面SFS作为一种快速鉴定其单一来源的简单技术。因此，荧光固有标记有助于鉴定植物和地理来源，也可以标准化以鉴定蜂蜜的纯度。