The aphid Myzus persicae s.l. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important pest of many crops worldwide with a complex life cycle, intensely controlled by chemical pesticides, and has developed resistance to almost all used insecticides. In Greece, the aphid exhibits high genetic variation and adaptability and it is a classic example of evolution in the making. We have been studying M. persicae for over 20 years, on different host plants and varying geographical areas, analyzing its bio-ecology and the ability to develop resistance to insecticides. In this review, we present new and historical data on the effectiveness of insecticides from seven chemical groups used to control the aphid in Greece and the incidence of seven resistance mechanisms, including the new fast-spreading R81T point mutation of the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Thousands of samples were tested by biological, biochemical and molecular assays. The aphid populations were found to have developed and maintain resistance at medium to high levels to organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids for decades. In the latter group, a marked increase is recorded during an ~10-year period. The data analyzed and the extensive bibliography, advocate the difficulty to control the aphid making the design and application of IPM/IRM programs a challenge. We discuss principles and recommendations for the management of resistance, including the use of compounds such as flonicamid, spirotetramat, flupyradifurone and sulfoxaflor. We emphasize that resistance is a dynamic phenomenon, changing in time and space, requiring, therefore, continuous monitoring.

中文翻译：

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希腊桃蚜（半翅目：蚜科）对杀虫剂抗性演化的长期研究

蚜虫桃蚜sl（半翅目：蚜科）是世界范围内许多作物的重要害虫，具有复杂的生命周期，受到化学农药的强烈控制，并且对几乎所有使用的杀虫剂产生了抗药性。在希腊，蚜虫表现出高度的遗传变异和适应性，是进化中的经典例子。我们一直在学习M. persicae20 多年来，在不同的寄主植物和不同的地理区域，分析其生物生态学和对杀虫剂产生抗性的能力。在这篇综述中，我们提供了关于用于控制希腊蚜虫的七个化学组的杀虫剂有效性的新的和历史数据，以及七种抗性机制的发生率，包括突触后烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的新的快速传播 R81T 点突变。通过生物、生化和分子分析对数千个样本进行了测试。几十年来，发现蚜虫种群已对有机磷酸盐、氨基甲酸盐、拟除虫菊酯和新烟碱类产生并保持中等至高水平的抗性。在后一组中，在约 10 年期间记录了显着增加。分析的数据和广泛的参考书目，提倡防治蚜虫的困难，使IPM/IRM程序的设计和应用成为挑战。我们讨论了耐药性管理的原则和建议，包括使用氟啶虫胺、螺虫乙酯、氟吡呋喃和磺胺嘧啶等化合物。我们强调阻力是一种动态现象，随时间和空间而变化，因此需要持续监测。