Drosophyllaceae is the only plant family endemic to the Mediterranean Floristic Region. It includes a single species, the carnivorous Drosophyllum lusitanicum, which is hypothesised to be a relict plant. Our aim here is to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Drosophyllum to evaluate whether the African-European disjunction across the Strait of Gibraltar is the result of vicariance or long-distance dispersal, and to assess the role of the Strait of Gibraltar area in the long-term persistence of this species. A time-calibrated phylogeny based on nuclear ITS sequences estimated a mid-Eocene to mid-Miocene age (19–44 Mya) for the common ancestor of Drosophyllaceae and its sister clade (Ancistrocladaceae-Dioncophyllaceae). In contrast, differentiation of ITS lineages of Drosophyllum occurred in the Pleistocene, after the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar (ca. 5 Mya). A haplotype network built using two plastid DNA regions revealed six haplotypes in Drosophyllum, five of which occur in the Strait of Gibraltar area. Four of the six haplotypes were present in both European and African populations. Therefore, although Drosophyllaceae diverged from the closest relatives in ancient times, the current distribution of Drosophyllum is relatively recent (Pleistocene). Given that the Strait of Gibraltar was already open in the Pliocene, the disjunct distribution of this species between Europe and Africa appears to be the result of multiple events of long-distance dispersal. Species distribution modelling (SDM) was used to reconstruct the potential distribution of Drosophyllum throughout the late Quaternary (last interglacial, Last Glacial Maximum, mid-Holocene and present), which revealed long-term persistence around the Strait of Gibraltar and in the south-western Iberian Peninsula. The Strait of Gibraltar area and the south-western Iberian Peninsula may have shared similar climatic conditions, and thus acted as refugia for Drosophyllum throughout the late Quaternary.

中文翻译：

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一种神秘的食肉植物：果蝇科的古老分化，但果蝇跨越直布罗陀海峡的近期分化

果蝇科是地中海植物区唯一特有的植物科。它包括一个单一的物种，即肉食性果蝇（Drosophyllum lusitanicum），据推测它是一种孑遗植物。我们在这里的目的是重建果蝇的进化史，以评估直布罗陀海峡的非洲-欧洲分离是替代还是远距离扩散的结果，并评估直布罗陀海峡地区在远距离传播中的作用。该物种的长期持久性。基于核 ITS 序列的时间校准系统发育估计了果蝇科及其姐妹进化枝（Ancistrocladaceae-Dioncophyllaceae）的共同祖先的中始新世至中中新世年龄（19-44 Mya）。相比之下，果蝇属 ITS 谱系的分化发生在更新世，直布罗陀海峡开放后（约 5 Mya）。使用两个质体 DNA 区域构建的单倍型网络揭示了果蝇中的 6 个单倍型，其中 5 个发生在直布罗陀海峡地区。欧洲和非洲人群中都存在六种单倍型中的四种。因此，虽然果蝇科在远古时代就与近亲分道扬镳，但目前果蝇属的分布相对较新（更新世）。鉴于直布罗陀海峡在上新世已经开放，该物种在欧洲和非洲之间的分离分布似乎是多次远距离传播事件的结果。物种分布模型 (SDM) 用于重建整个晚第四纪（末次间冰期、末次冰期最大值、全新世中期和现在），这表明在直布罗陀海峡和伊比利亚半岛西南部地区长期存在。直布罗陀海峡地区和伊比利亚半岛西南部可能具有相似的气候条件，因此在整个晚第四纪都是果蝇的避难所。