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O anus, where art thou? An investigation of ctenostome bryozoans
Journal of Morphology ( IF 1.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-16 , DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21146
Thomas Schwaha 1
Affiliation  

Ctenostome bryozoans are a small group of approximately 350 currently described species that remain inadequately investigated anatomically. Recently, the importance of soft body morphology of zooids including the digestive tract has become more evident for addressing various biological aspects such as systematic, functional, or phylogenetic analyses. Particularly, the position of the anus shows considerable variation in ctenostomes and in its extreme form can either be at the lophophoral base or at the vestibular wall. However, it has never been analysed in a broader systematic, phylogenetic, or functional context. Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess the distribution of anus position among ctenostomes, analyse whether zooidal or colonial morphology affects anus position, and draw first conclusions on its functional effects. The survey shows that a vestibular anus is ubiquitously present in alcyonidioideans and several, probably closely related, walkerioideans. In other groups such as boring forms, it appears more patchily distributed, or in some currently unassignable genera, such as Monobryozoon, supports a closer relationship to alcyonidioideans. Other zooidal or colonial characters such as tentacle number or zooidal density in the colony do not show a distinct correlation to the position of the anus. It appears that the shift of the anus into a vestibular area occurred once or twice among ctenostomes; the reasons and functional effects remain unknown. Future important aspects of defecation research in bryozoans are discussed.

中文翻译:

哦肛门,你在哪里?栉水母苔藓虫的调查

Ctenostome 苔藓虫是目前描述的大约 350 种物种的一小群,在解剖学上仍未得到充分研究。最近,包括消化道在内的动物软体形态对于解决各种生物学方面(如系统、功能或系统发育分析)的重要性变得更加明显。特别是,肛门的位置在栉孔中表现出相当大的变化,其极端形式可以在前庭基部或前庭壁。然而,它从未在更广泛的系统、系统发育或功能背景下进行过分析。因此,本研究的目的是评估栉孔动物肛门位置的分布,分析动物形或群落形态是否影响肛门位置,并对其功能影响得出初步结论。调查表明,前庭肛门普遍存在于alcyonidioideans 和几种可能密切相关的walkerioideans 中。在其他群体中,例如无聊的形式,它似乎分布更不完整,或者在一些目前无法分配的属中,例如 Monobryozoon,支持与 alcyonidioideans 的更密切关系。其他动物或殖民地特征,如殖民地中的触手数量或动物密度,与肛门的位置没有明显的相关性。肛门移入前庭区似乎在栉孔中发生过一两次;原因和功能影响尚不清楚。讨论了苔藓虫排便研究的未来重要方面。在其他群体中,例如无聊的形式,它似乎分布更不完整,或者在一些目前无法分配的属中,例如 Monobryozoon,支持与 alcyonidioideans 的更密切关系。其他动物或殖民地特征,如殖民地中的触手数量或动物密度,与肛门的位置没有明显的相关性。肛门移入前庭区似乎在栉孔中发生过一两次;原因和功能影响尚不清楚。讨论了苔藓虫排便研究的未来重要方面。在其他群体中,例如无聊的形式,它似乎分布更不完整,或者在一些目前无法分配的属中,例如 Monobryozoon,支持与 alcyonidioideans 的更密切关系。其他动物或殖民地特征,如殖民地中的触手数量或动物密度,与肛门的位置没有明显的相关性。肛门移入前庭区似乎在栉孔中发生过一两次;原因和功能影响尚不清楚。讨论了苔藓虫排便研究的未来重要方面。其他动物或殖民地特征,如殖民地中的触手数量或动物密度,与肛门的位置没有明显的相关性。肛门移入前庭区似乎在栉孔中发生过一两次;原因和功能影响尚不清楚。讨论了苔藓虫排便研究的未来重要方面。其他动物或殖民地特征,如殖民地中的触手数量或动物密度,与肛门的位置没有明显的相关性。肛门移入前庭区似乎在栉孔中发生过一两次;原因和功能影响尚不清楚。讨论了苔藓虫排便研究的未来重要方面。
更新日期:2020-06-16
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