Reproductive systems are life attributes important in defining the demography and genetic constitution of invasive alien species populations. We describe the phenology, floral behavior and floral visitors in Mexican populations of Leonotis nepetifolia considered invasive in America, Asia and Oceania. The mating system was determined through pollination experiments and, with a morphological analysis of flowers (outcrossing index, OCI) and pollen/ovule ratio, the breeding system was evaluated. Germination of 1 and 2‐year‐old seeds was tested to assess the potential characteristics of germination. Leonotis nepetifolia was reproductive for 7 months (June to December) and tended towards a specific season during autumn. Anthesis lasted 36 hr with protogyny and no hercogamy, with floral visitors of Apodiformes, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. Pollination experiments indicated a mixed mating system, whereas the OCI and the pollen/ovule ratio pointed towards a facultative xenogamous breeding system. Seed production was high (1,445 ± 132 seeds/plant); the seeds had potential longevity and were neutral photoblastic. One‐year‐old seeds germinated slightly later ( = 2.6 ± 0.11 days) than 2‐year‐old seeds ( = 1.9 ± 0.02 days), both synchronously (IS_1yr = 0.88 ± 0.03 and IS_2yr = 0.82 ± 0.02). Germination percentage for 1‐year‐old seeds was lower (55.33 ± 4.40%) than that of 2‐year‐old seeds (94.18 ± 0.59%), suggesting a potential longevity of the seeds in an optimal environment. Reproductive characteristics, such as wide reproductive period, mixed breeding system, copious seed production, seeds with potential longevity, and quick and synchronic germination in different light conditions, favor the invasive capacity of Leonotis nepetifolia.

中文翻译：

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有利于荆芥（Leonotis nepetifolia（L.）R. Br。

生殖系统是生命属性，对于定义外来入侵物种种群的人口统计学和遗传构成非常重要。我们描述了在美国，亚洲和大洋洲入侵的墨西哥刺五加的墨西哥种群的物候，花性和花访客。通过授粉实验确定交配系统，并通过对花的形态分析（异交指数，OCI）和花粉/胚珠比率，评估育种系统。测试了1和2岁种子的发芽率，以评估其潜在发芽特性。荆芥可以繁殖7个月（6月至12月），秋季倾向于特定季节。花期持续了36个小时，没有pro虫，没有雌雄同株，花粉虱，膜翅目，鳞翅目和Th翅花的访客。授粉实验表明混合的交配系统，而OCI和花粉/胚珠的比例则指向兼性异种繁殖系统。种子产量高（1,445±132粒种子/植物）；种子具有长寿的潜力，并且是中性的光母细胞。一岁种子的发芽时间略_短于2岁种子的种子（= 1.9±0.02天）（= 2.6±0.11天），同步_发芽（IS _1yr = 0.88±0.03和IS _2yr= 0.82±0.02）。1岁种子的发芽率（55.33±4.40％）比2岁种子的发芽率（94.18±0.59％）低，表明种子在最佳环境下的寿命可能更长。繁殖特征，例如生育期宽，混合育种系统，种子产量高，具有潜在寿命的种子以及在不同光照条件下的快速同步发芽，都有利于荆芥的入侵能力。