Insights into subnational environmental impacts and the underlying drivers are scarce, especially from a consumption‐based perspective. Here, we quantified greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and land‐based biodiversity losses associated with final consumption in 162 regions in the European Union in 2010. For this purpose, we developed an environmentally extended multi‐regional input–output (MRIO) model with subnational European information on demand, production, and trade structures subdivided into 18 major economic sectors, while accounting for trade outside Europe. We employed subnational data on land use and national data on GHG emissions. Our results revealed within‐country differences in per capita GHG and land‐based biodiversity footprints up to factors of 3.0 and 3.5, respectively, indicating that national footprints may mask considerable subnational variability. The per capita GHG footprint increased with per capita income and income equality, whereas we did not find such responses for the per capita land‐based biodiversity footprint, reflecting that extra income is primarily spent on energy‐intensive activities. Yet, we found a shift from the domestic to the foreign part of the biodiversity footprints with rising population density and income. Because our analysis showed that most regions are already net importers of GHG emissions and biodiversity losses, we conclude that it is increasingly important to address the role of trade in national and regional policies on mitigating GHG emissions and averting further biodiversity losses, both within and outside the region itself. To further increase the policy relevance of subnational footprint analyses, we also recommend the compilation of more detailed subnational MRIO databases including harmonized environmental data.

中文翻译：

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欧盟国家以下地方的温室气体和陆地生物多样性足迹

尤其是从基于消费的角度出发，缺乏对地方环境影响及其潜在驱动因素的见解。在这里，我们量化了2010年欧盟162个地区与最终消费相关的温室气体（GHG）排放量和基于陆地的生物多样性损失。为此，我们开发了一个环境扩展的多区域投入产出模型（MRIO）次国家级欧洲需求，生产和贸易结构信息，分为18个主要经济部门，同时负责欧洲以外的贸易。我们采用了有关土地利用的地方数据和有关温室气体排放的国家数据。我们的结果表明，人均温室气体和陆地生物多样性足迹的国家内部差异分别高达3.0和3.5，表明国家足迹可能掩盖了国家以下地方的巨大差异。人均温室气体足迹随着人均收入和收入平等而增加，但是我们没有发现针对人均陆地生物多样性足迹的这种反应，这反映出额外收入主要用于能源密集型活动。然而，随着人口密度和收入的增加，我们发现生物多样性足迹已从国内转移到国外。因为我们的分析表明大多数地区已经是温室气体排放和生物多样性丧失的净进口国，所以我们得出结论，解决贸易在减轻温室气体排放和避免进一步的生物多样性损失的国家和区域政策中的作用越来越重要该地区本身。