Abstract The rapid interest of low-cost hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) paved the way to develop its efficiency through different fabrication techniques. The inclusion of different monovalent organic or inorganic cation and halide anion in the A-site and X-site of the perovskite structure made the material to be stable at ambient conditions. In this study, a triple cation was carefully evaluated by stressing the importance of minimal processing steps, such as spin-coating, thermal annealing, and the addition of antisolvent. For enhancing the stability of perovskite film, different concentration of cesium cation was incorporated into the perovskite film. 10% cesium cation incorporated perovskite film showed a high reflectance with flat and full surface coverage. Considering the importance of other parameters and conditions, its stability was enhanced that made the perovskite film retain its black perovskite phase for four months even after exposure to ambient air. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.90% was measured under reverse scanning for 10% cesium incorporated perovskite solar cells. This structural, thermal and environmental stability, and reproducible characteristic behavior of the 10% cesium incorporated perovskite samples were achieved because of the modified fabrication techniques which are useful for future and large-scale applications.

中文翻译：

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通过分析制造条件增强钙钛矿太阳能电池的稳定性

摘要 低成本混合有机-无机卤化铅钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）的迅速发展为通过不同的制造技术提高其效率铺平了道路。在钙钛矿结构的 A 位和 X 位中包含不同的单价有机或无机阳离子和卤化物阴离子使材料在环境条件下稳定。在这项研究中，通过强调最少加工步骤的重要性，如旋涂、热退火和添加抗溶剂，对三重阳离子进行了仔细评估。为了提高钙钛矿薄膜的稳定性，钙钛矿薄膜中加入了不同浓度的铯阳离子。掺入 10% 铯阳离子的钙钛矿薄膜显示出高反射率，具有平坦和完整的表面覆盖率。考虑到其他参数和条件的重要性，其稳定性得到增强，使钙钛矿薄膜即使暴露在环境空气中也能保持其黑色钙钛矿相四个月。对于掺入 10% 铯的钙钛矿太阳能电池，在反向扫描下测量的功率转换效率 (PCE) 为 10.90%。10% 铯掺入钙钛矿样品的这种结构、热和环境稳定性以及可重复的特征行为是由于改进的制造技术而实现的，这些技术可用于未来和大规模应用。对于 10% 铯掺入钙钛矿太阳能电池，在反向扫描下测量了 90%。10% 铯掺入钙钛矿样品的这种结构、热和环境稳定性以及可重复的特征行为是由于改进的制造技术而实现的，这些技术可用于未来和大规模应用。对于 10% 铯掺入钙钛矿太阳能电池，在反向扫描下测量了 90%。10% 铯掺入钙钛矿样品的这种结构、热和环境稳定性以及可重复的特征行为是由于改进的制造技术而实现的，这些技术可用于未来和大规模应用。