Immunotherapy approaches consisting of genetically modified immune cells have become a promising platform for cancer treatment. Such ‘living’ therapies targeting tumor antigens have shown success in many cancer patients in the form of durable responses in a growing number of clinical studies. Besides, a large number of ongoing studies have been designed to introduce reliable methods for identification of tumor antigens. In addition, technical and biotechnological developments are being applied to the generation and expansion of genetically modified immune cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest progress and current challenges in the tumor antigen landscape and in the generation of genetically modified immune cells in view of their clinical efficacy, either as monotherapy or combinational therapy.

由转基因免疫细胞组成的免疫疗法已成为癌症治疗的有前途的平台。在越来越多的临床研究中，这种针对肿瘤抗原的“活”疗法以持久反应的形式在许多癌症患者中显示出成功。此外，已设计了大量正在进行的研究以引入用于鉴定肿瘤抗原的可靠方法。另外，技术和生物技术的发展正在应用于转基因免疫细胞的产生和扩展。在本综述中，鉴于其作为单一疗法或联合疗法的临床疗效，我们总结并讨论了肿瘤抗原领域以及转基因免疫细胞的产生方面的最新进展和当前挑战。