Abstract In peri-urban areas ecosystem services (ES), such as food and biomass production, water regulation and nutrient cycling, are influenced by various increasing demands for food, recreation and housing. Spatial development policies address these demands by increasing housing and commercial site areas on the expense of agricultural lands. In the fragmented peri-urban landscapes the analysis of ES trade-off and synergies supports planners and decision makers to account for the provision of ES and the interrelations between them. Therefore, the objective of this work is to examine how ES trade-off analysis can support applying peri-urban spatial policy. The aim is to analyse the spatial distribution of ES and their level of provision and identify ES synergies and trade-offs in relation to a spatial (development) plan. Because peri-urban ES provided by agricultural lands are linked to soils, soils are included in a spatial analysis of ES trade-offs as location factor. Peri-urban municipalities of Wroclaw in Poland are taken as a case study to analyse interactions between the following ES: food provision, biomass production, water regulation, nutrient cycling, physical recreation, aesthetic features of agricultural landscapes. The correlation analysis results show that the biggest trade-off occurs between the aesthetic features and the food provision, while the biggest synergies exist between biomass and food provision, as well as between recreational potential and nutrient cycling. The hotspot and principal component analysis results reveal a trade-off relation between built-up areas and Natura 2000 sites, generating hotspots of ES provision. We conclude that ES interactions need to be carefully managed, following the integration of different policy fields at regional and local levels, to sustain ES provision at peri-urban areas.

中文翻译：

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绘制城郊生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同作用，以解决空间政策问题

摘要 在城郊地区的生态系统服务 (ES)，例如食物和生物量生产、水调节和养分循环，受到对食物、娱乐和住房的各种日益增长的需求的影响。空间开发政策通过以农业用地为代价增加住房和商业用地面积来满足这些需求。在支离破碎的城郊景观中，对 ES 权衡和协同作用的分析支持规划者和决策者考虑 ES 的提供以及它们之间的相互关系。因此，这项工作的目的是研究 ES 权衡分析如何支持应用城郊空间政策。目的是分析 ES 的空间分布及其提供水平，并确定与空间（发展）计划相关的 ES 协同效应和权衡。由于农业用地提供的城郊 ES 与土壤相关，因此土壤作为位置因素包含在 ES 权衡的空间分析中。以波兰弗罗茨瓦夫的城郊城市为例，分析以下 ES 之间的相互作用：食物供应、生物质生产、水调节、养分循环、体育休闲、农业景观的美学特征。相关性分析结果表明，审美特征和食物供给之间存在最大的权衡，而生物量和食物供给之间存在最大的协同作用，以及娱乐潜力和营养循环之间存在最大的协同作用。热点和主成分分析结果揭示了建成区和 Natura 2000 站点之间的权衡关系，产生了 ES 提供的热点。