Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a noxious invasive weed and is ever expanding in its introduced range including Nepal. Understanding vegetation dynamics including soil seedbank in Parthenium invaded communities and the growth pattern of the weed itself is essential for effective management of Parthenium. We monitored growth of Parthenium (height, density, cover and soil seedbank) and species composition of associated plant species for 5-year period from 2009 in a grassland invaded by Parthenium in south-central Nepal. We found that Parthenium cover and height decreased from 2009 to 2010 and then slightly increased in 2013. Parthenium density decreased from 2009 to 2010 and then was variable until 2013. Year × grazing interactions had significant effect on Parthenium cover and density. Parthenium soil seedbank was eight times higher near the soil surface (0–5 cm) than in deep soil (5–10 cm). It increased from 2009 to 2012 but decreased in 2013. Seedbank was also affected by interactions of year × depth, depth × grazing, and year × depth × grazing. Altogether, 87 plant species were recorded in Parthenium invaded sites and their species richness decreased until 2012 but slightly increased in 2013. The composition of associated plant species was affected by animal grazing intensity, Parthenium density, cover, and their interactions. Parthenium invasion has been ever increasing in our study site and many palatable plant species are under potential threat. Thus, there is an urgent need to carry out awareness campaign, formulate proper management plans, and implement such plans properly to manage Parthenium weed in Nepal.

中文翻译：

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尼泊尔Parthenium hysterophorus L.入侵亚热带草原的植被和土壤种子库动态

爬山henL.是一种有害的入侵杂草，并且在包括尼泊尔在内的引种范围内不断扩大。了解植被动态，包括Parthenium入侵社区的土壤种子库和杂草本身的生长方式，对于有效管理Parthenium至关重要。我们从2009年开始在尼泊尔中南部的帕特内姆入侵草原上监测了帕特里姆草的生长（高度，密度，覆盖度和土壤种子库）以及相关植物物种在2009年开始的5年内的物种组成。我们发现，Parthenium的覆盖率和高度从2009年到2010年下降，然后在2013年略有增加。Parthenium的密度从2009年到2010年下降，然后直到2013年都是可变的。年×掠食相互作用对Parthenium的覆盖率和密度有显着影响。在地表附近（0-5厘米），Parthenium土壤种子库比在深层土壤（5-10厘米）高八倍。从2009年到2012年有所增加，但在2013年有所减少。种子库还受到年×深度，深度×放牧和年×深度×放牧的相互作用的影响。在Parthenium入侵的地点总共记录了87种植物，其物种丰富度直到2012年有所下降，但在2013年略有增加。动物放牧强度，Parthenium密度，覆盖率及其相互作用影响着相关植物的组成。在我们的研究地点，对hen的入侵一直在增加，许多可口的植物物种正受到潜在威胁。因此，迫切需要开展宣传运动，制定适当的管理计划，并适当实施此类计划，以管理尼泊尔的Parthenium杂草。