Wood combustion emissions have been studied previously either by in vitro or in vivo models using collected particles, yet most studies have neglected gaseous compounds. Furthermore, a more accurate and holistic view of the toxicity of aerosols can be gained with parallel in vitro and in vivo studies using direct exposure methods. Moreover, modern exposure techniques such as air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures enable better assessment of the toxicity of the applied aerosols than, for example, the previous state-of-the-art submerged cell exposure techniques. We used three different ALI exposure systems in parallel to study the toxicological effects of spruce and pine combustion emissions in human alveolar epithelial (A549) and murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cell lines. A whole-body mouse inhalation system was also used to expose C57BL/6 J mice to aerosol emissions. Moreover, gaseous and particulate fractions were studied separately in one of the cell exposure systems. After exposure, the cells and animals were measured for various parameters of cytotoxicity, inflammation, genotoxicity, transcriptome and proteome. We found that diluted (1:15) exposure pine combustion emissions (PM1 mass 7.7 ± 6.5 mg m− 3, 41 mg MJ− 1) contained, on average, more PM and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than spruce (PM1 mass 4.3 ± 5.1 mg m− 3, 26 mg MJ− 1) emissions, which instead showed a higher concentration of inorganic metals in the emission aerosol. Both A549 cells and mice exposed to these emissions showed low levels of inflammation but significantly increased genotoxicity. Gaseous emission compounds produced similar genotoxicity and a higher inflammatory response than the corresponding complete combustion emission in A549 cells. Systems biology approaches supported the findings, but we detected differing responses between in vivo and in vitro experiments. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo exposure studies with emission characterization and systems biology approaches revealed further information on the effects of combustion aerosol toxicity than could be achieved with either method alone. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo exposures showed the opposite order of the highest DNA damage. In vitro measurements also indicated that the gaseous fraction of emission aerosols may be more important in causing adverse toxicological effects. Combustion aerosols of different wood species result in mild but aerosol specific in vitro and in vivo effects.

中文翻译：

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木材种类对原木柴灶燃烧气溶胶毒性的影响：云杉和松树烟气的平行动物和气液界面细胞暴露研究。

先前已经使用收集的颗粒通过体外或体内模型研究了木材燃烧排放，但是大多数研究都忽略了气态化合物。此外，通过使用直接暴露方法进行的体外和体内平行研究，可以更准确，全面地了解气雾剂的毒性。而且，与例如现有技术的最新的浸没式细胞暴露技术相比，诸如空气-液体界面（ALI）暴露的现代暴露技术能够更好地评估所施加的气雾剂的毒性。我们并行使用三种不同的ALI暴露系统来研究云杉和松树燃烧排放物对人肺泡上皮（A549）和鼠巨噬细胞（RAW264.7）细胞系的毒理作用。还使用全身小鼠吸入系统使C57BL / 6 J小鼠暴露于气溶胶​​排放中。此外，在一种细胞暴露系统中分别研究了气态和颗粒级分。暴露后，测量细胞和动物的细胞毒性，炎症，遗传毒性，转录组和蛋白质组的各种参数。我们发现稀释后（1:15）暴露的松树燃烧排放物（PM1质量7.7±6.5 mg m-3、41 mg MJ-1）比云杉（PM1质量4.3）平均含有更多的PM和多环芳烃（PAH）。 ±5.1 mg m-3，26 mg MJ-1）排放，这表明排放气溶胶中无机金属的浓度更高。暴露于这些排放下的A549细胞和小鼠均显示出低水平的炎症，但遗传毒性显着增加。与A549细胞中相应的完全燃烧排放相比，气体排放化合物产生相似的遗传毒性和更高的炎症反应。系统生物学方法支持了这一发现，但我们在体内和体外实验之间发现了不同的反应。全面的体外和体内暴露研究以及排放特征和系统生物学方法揭示了与单独使用任何一种方法相比都可获得的有关燃烧气溶胶毒性影响的更多信息。有趣的是，体外和体内暴露显示出最高DNA损伤的相反顺序。体外测量还表明，排放气溶胶的气体部分在引起不利的毒理学影响方面可能更为重要。