Heavy metals (HMs) in soil, air, and water environments effect human health. These HMs cannot be degraded in soil and they can only be transformed from one state to another. Food and energy resources such as coal, oil, petrol, etc. are gradually diminishing due to ever increasing demand and consumption, world faces crisis. There is an urgent need to address these problems by reclaiming the waste/polluted land for food and energy production. Various physicochemical remediation strategies are being proposed, developed, and tested but they are all very costly and only applicable to small contaminated sites. During the past two decades or so, plant-based phytoremediation technology is rapidly evolving as a promising new tool to address the issue with the potential to remediate HM contaminated soils in a sustainable manner. Plants, labeled as phyto-tolerant or phyto-accumulators, surviving on such contaminated soils reduce the toxicity by preventing their translocation or destroying the contaminants by sequestration by synthesizing thiol-containing HM-binding proteins (nano-molecules) and peptides (phytochelators or PCs) which modulate internal levels of metal concentration between deficient and toxic levels. But such plants are very slow growing, producing small biomass, and the process taking a long time to effectively remediate such soils. To overcome limitations of using such plants, plants capable of high biomass production and tolerating multiple HMs, such as non-food bioenergy crops (Vetiver and Hamp), are required. This plant-based remediation strategy can further be enhanced with the use of both plants and rhizosphere microbes like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting bacteria. The combination of three components, i.e. high biomass producing plant, soil, and its rhizosphere harboring plant growth-promoting rhizobial (PGPR) microbiota, particularly AMF, will further improve the process of nano-phytoremediation of HM contaminated soils. This mini review focuses on how phytoremediation, nanotechnology, AMF and PGPR technologies can be merged together to form an integrated nano-mycorrhizo-phytoremediation (NMPR) strategy which synergistically achieve the goal of remediation of soil contaminants and improve the phytoremediation performance of bioenergy plants grown on HM polluted soils. This review also identifies the urgent need to conduct field-scale application of this strategy and use it as potential tool for reestablishing plant cover and population diversity during restoration of derelict land post-industrial/mining activities.

土壤，空气和水环境中的重金属（HMs）影响人类健康。这些HMs无法在土壤中降解，只能从一种状态转变为另一种状态。由于需求和消费的不断增长，煤炭，石油，汽油等粮食和能源资源正逐渐减少，世界面临危机。迫切需要通过开垦浪费/污染的土地用于粮食和能源生产来解决这些问题。正在提出，开发和测试各种物理化学修复策略，但是它们都非常昂贵，并且仅适用于小型污染场地。在过去的二十年左右的时间里，基于植物的植物修复技术正在迅速发展，已成为一种有前途的新工具，可以解决以可持续方式修复被HM污染的土壤的问题。植物 被标记为耐植物性或植物累积性的植物，在这种被污染的土壤中存活可通过合成含硫醇的HM结合蛋白（纳米分子）和肽（植物螯合剂或PCs）来防止其易位或通过螯合来破坏污染物，从而降低毒性。在不足和有毒之间调节金属浓度的内部水平。但是这种植物生长非常缓慢，产生的生物量很小，并且该过程需要很长时间才能有效地修复这种土壤。为了克服使用这种植物的局限性，需要能够高生物量生产并能耐受多种重金属的植物，例如非粮食生物能源作物（Vetiver和Hamp）。通过同时使用植物和根际微生物（如丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）和促进植物生长的细菌），可以进一步增强这种基于植物的修复策略。高生物量生产植物，土壤及其具有植物促生根瘤菌（PGPR）微生物群（尤其是AMF）的根际这三个成分的组合将进一步改善HM污染土壤的纳米植物修复过程。这篇小型综述着重介绍如何将植物修复，纳米技术，AMF和PGPR技术合并在一起，以形成一个综合的纳米菌根植物修复（NMPR）策略，以协同方式实现土壤污染物修复的目标，并改善生长的生物能源植物的植物修复性能在重金属污染的土壤上。