F1‐protein fraction (F1) is a natural bioactive compound extracted from the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, and has been recently studied for its therapeutic potential in wound healing. In this study, we investigated the concentration‐dependent effects of F1 (0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1%) incorporated into deproteinized bovine bone (DBB) and porous biphasic calcium phosphate (pBCP), on the repair of rat calvarial critical‐size bone defects (CSBD). The defects were analyzed by 3D‐microtomography and 2D‐histomorphometry at 12 weeks postsurgery. The binding efficiency of F1 to pBCP (96.3 ± 1.4%) was higher than that to DBB (67.7 ± 3.3%). In vivo analysis showed a higher bone volume (BV) gain in all defects treated with DBB (except in 0.1% of F1) and pBCP (except in 0.05% and 0.1% of F1) compared to the CSBD without treatment/control group (9.96 ± 2.8 mm³). DBB plus 0.025% F1 promoted the highest BV gain (29.7 ± 2.2 mm³, p < .0001) compared to DBB without F1 and DBB plus 0.01% and 0.1% of F1. In the pBCP group, incorporation of F1 did not promote bone gain when compared to pBCP without F1 (15.9 ± 4.2 mm³, p > .05). Additionally, a small BV occurred in defects treated with pBCP plus 0.1% F1 (10.4 ± 1.4 mm^3, p < .05). In conclusion, F1 showed a higher bone formation potential in combination with DBB than with pBCP, in a concentration‐dependent manner. Incorporation of 0.25% F1 into DBB showed the best results with respect to bone formation/repair in CSBD. These results suggest that DBB plus 0.25% F1 can be used as a promising bioactive material for application in bone tissue engineering.

中文翻译：

---

掺入脱蛋白牛骨和双相磷酸钙中的乳胶 F1 蛋白部分对修复临界尺寸骨缺损的浓度依赖性影响。

F1-蛋白质组分 (F1) 是从橡胶树Hevea brasiliensis 中提取的天然生物活性化合物，并且最近对其在伤口愈合中的治疗潜力进行了研究。在这项研究中，我们研究了掺入脱蛋白牛骨 (DBB) 和多孔双相磷酸钙 (pBCP) 的 F1（0.01%、0.025%、0.05% 和 0.1%）对大鼠颅骨修复的浓度依赖性影响。临界尺寸骨缺损（CSBD）。在术后 12 周通过 3D 显微断层扫描和 2D 组织形态测量法分析缺陷。F1与pBCP的结合效率（96.3±1.4%）高于与DBB（67.7±3.3%）的结合效率。体内分析显示，与未治疗/对照组的 CSBD（9.96 ± 2.8 毫米³）。与没有 F1 的 DBB 和 DBB 加 0.01% 和 0.1% 的 F1 相比，DBB 加 0.025% F1 促进了最高 BV 增益（29.7 ± 2.2 mm ³，p < .0001）。在 pBCP 组中，与没有 F1 的 pBCP（15.9 ± 4.2 mm ³，p > .05）相比，掺入 F1 并没有促进骨增加。此外，在用 pBCP 加 0.1% F1 (10.4 ± 1.4 mm ^3, p< .05）。总之，F1 与 DBB 组合显示出比 pBCP 更高的骨形成潜力，呈浓度依赖性。将 0.25% F1 掺入 DBB 显示出在 CSBD 中骨形成/修复方面的最佳结果。这些结果表明 DBB 加 0.25% F1 可作为一种有前景的生物活性材料用于骨组织工程。