Overfishing may seriously impact fish populations and ecosystems. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, yet the fisheries benefits remain debateable. Many MPAs include a fully protected area (FPA), restricting all activities, within a partially protected area (PPA) where potentially sustainable activities are permitted. An effective tool for biodiversity conservation, FPAs, can sustain local fisheries via spillover, that is the outward export of individuals from FPAs. Spillover refers to both: “ecological spillover”: outward net emigration of juveniles, subadults and/or adults from the FPA; and “fishery spillover”: the fraction of ecological spillover that directly benefits fishery yields and revenues through fishable biomass. Yet, how common is spillover remains controversial. We present a meta‐analysis of a unique global database covering 23 FPAs worldwide, using published literature and purposely collected field data, to assess the capacity of FPAs to export biomass and whether this response was mediated by specific FPA features (e.g. size, age) or species characteristics (e.g. mobility, economic value). Results show fish biomass and abundance outside FPAs was higher: (a) in locations close to FPA borders (<200 m) than further away (>200 m); (b) for species with a high commercial value; and (c) in the presence of PPA surrounding the FPA. Spillover was slightly higher in FPAs that were larger and older and for more mobile species. Based on the broadest data set compiled to date on marine species ecological spillover beyond FPAs' borders, our work highlights elements that could guide strategies to enhance local fishery management using MPAs.

中文翻译：

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评估海洋保护区及其动因的溢出效应：一种荟萃分析方法

过度捕捞可能严重影响鱼类种群和生态系统。海洋保护区（MPA）是生物多样性保护和渔业管理的关键工具，但渔业收益仍存在争议。许多海洋保护区包括一个完全保护区（FPA），将所有活动限制在允许潜在可持续活动的部分保护区（PPA）内。FPA是一种有效的生物多样性保护工具，可以通过溢出来维持当地渔业，这就是FPA的个人向外出口。外溢指的是：“生态外溢”：少年，亚成人和/或成年人从FPA向外净移民；和“渔业外溢”：通过可捕捞的生物量直接惠及渔业产量和收入的生态外溢部分。然而，溢出效应的普遍性仍存在争议。我们使用已发表的文献和有针对性的收集的田间数据，对涵盖全球23个FPA的独特全球数据库进行了荟萃分析，以评估FPA出口生物量的能力以及此响应是否受特定FPA功能（例如大小，年龄）的调节或物种特征（例如流动性，经济价值）。结果表明，FPA外部的鱼类生物量和丰度更高：（a）在靠近FPA边界（<200 m）的位置比在更远的地方（> 200 m）；（b）具有高商业价值的物种；（c）在FPA周围存在PPA的情况下。对于更大，更老，流动性更大的FPA，外溢略高。根据迄今为止收集的有关FPA边界以外的海洋物种生态溢出的最广泛数据集，