Understanding the behavioral responses of large carnivores to human activity in protected areas is important for conserving top predators. Roads and associated vehicle traffic have a range of impacts on wildlife, including mortality from vehicle collisions and behavioral changes from increasing traffic levels. Roads concentrate human activities and may be particularly impactful when located adjacent to high‐quality habitat for wildlife. However, people often overlook road impacts in protected areas because of relatively low road densities. From 1979 to 2017, annual visits to Yellowstone National Park increased from 1.9 to 4.1 million, with many visitors in the last 25 yr focusing on the opportunity to view wild wolves (Canis lupus) in their natural habitat from the roadway. To better understand how human activity interacts with landscape attributes and prey availability to shape wolf habitat use, we developed seasonal and diel‐specific step selection functions (SSF) for wolves. Wolves responded to increased human activity by using areas farther from roadways during the day and during peak visitation in summer. Prey availability, as estimated by an elk SSF, did not significantly alter habitat selection patterns by wolves. The strength of habitat selection in relation to roads varied among wolf packs. The most heavily viewed wolf packs exhibited less road avoidance, suggesting increased tolerance, which could lead to increased vulnerability to human harvest if they leave the park. Federal and state managers have implemented several measures to mitigate disturbance effects to wolves and curtail habituation. These results may inform adaptive management strategies that seek to continue to conserve natural wolf behavior.

中文翻译：

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黄石国家公园沿路游客对灰太狼栖息地的利用

了解大型食肉动物对保护区内人类活动的行为响应对于保护顶级捕食者很重要。道路和相关的车辆通行对野生动植物有一系列影响，包括车辆碰撞造成的死亡和交通水平提高带来的行为改变。道路集中了人类的活动，并且在靠近野生动植物的高质量栖息地的地方可能特别有影响。但是，由于道路密度相对较低，人们常常忽略了保护区的道路影响。从1979年到2017年，对黄石国家公园的年度访问量从1.9增至410万，在过去25年中，许多游客专注于观看野狼的机会（Canis lupus）在道路上的自然栖息地。为了更好地了解人类活动如何与景观属性和猎物可利用性相互作用以影响狼的栖息地使用，我们开发了针对季节性和迪尔的步骤选择功能（SSF）。狼通过在白天和夏天高峰期使用远离道路的区域来应对人类活动的增加。根据麋鹿SSF的估计，猎物的可利用性并未显着改变狼对栖息地的选择方式。在不同的狼群之间，与道路相关的栖息地选择的力量各不相同。观看次数最多的狼群表现出较少的回避道路，这表明其容忍度增加，如果他们离开公园，可能会增加对人类收成的脆弱性。联邦和州管理人员已采取多种措施来减轻对狼的干扰影响并减少习惯性生活。这些结果可能有助于寻求继续保持自然狼行为的适应性管理策略。