Abstract Forests cover about 40 % of the European Union (EU), providing a wide spectrum of invaluable ecosystem services to more than half a billion people. In order to protect and harness this crucial asset, EU policies are advancing multifunctional management. This study lays a basis for such an effort by mapping the supply of key forest ecosystem services (FES) across the entire EU: wood, water supply, erosion control, pollination, habitat protection, soil formation, climate regulation and recreation. To further support the operationalization of multifunctionality and targeting of policies, our analysis delineates hotspots, assesses synergies and tradeoffs, and identifies spatial bundles. We generated maps at 1-km resolution starting from existing datasets through simple modelling (Tier 1). Out of these maps, we denoted the highest supplying pixels (i.e. top 20 %) as hotspots, and performed correlation analysis to detect synergies and tradeoffs. Finally, we used cluster analysis to identify FES bundles. Our analysis shows that hotspots of single FES are spread across the entire EU and that forests of mountain regions and Central Europe (particularly France, Germany, Slovakia) supply significant amounts of multiple FES. The cluster analysis resulted in four bundles: “balanced” in the northeast, “wood & water” in the center, “soil carbon” in the north and “rural-recreational” in the south. While a purely quantitative analysis of the produced maps may be misleading because of the strong links between FES supply and climatic and socio-economic conditions, overlaying hotspots and bundles with administrative layers can be a first step to inform about the role of different countries and regions in securing the sustainable supply of European FES.

中文翻译：

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绘制整个欧盟的热点和森林生态系统服务包

摘要 森林约占欧盟 (EU) 的 40%，为超过 50 亿人提供广泛的宝贵生态系统服务。为了保护和利用这一重要资产，欧盟政策正在推进多功能管理。本研究通过绘制整个欧盟关键森林生态系统服务 (FES) 的供应情况，为此类努力奠定了基础：木材、供水、侵蚀控制、授粉、栖息地保护、土壤形成、气候调节和娱乐。为了进一步支持多功能性和政策目标的实施，我们的分析描绘了热点，评估了协同作用和权衡，并确定了空间束。我们通过简单的建模（第 1 层）从现有数据集开始生成 1 公里分辨率的地图。在这些地图中，我们将最高供应像素（即前 20%）表示为热点，并执行相关分析以检测协同作用和权衡。最后，我们使用聚类分析来识别 FES 包。我们的分析表明，单一 FES 的热点分布在整个欧盟，山区和中欧（特别是法国、德国、斯洛伐克）的森林提供了大量的多种 FES。聚类分析得出四个束：东北部的“平衡”、中心的“木材和水”、北部的“土壤碳”和南部的“乡村休闲”。由于 FES 供应与气候和社会经济条件之间的密切联系，对制作的地图进行纯粹的定量分析可能会产生误导，