Understanding the magnetic environment of our planet and the geomagnetic field changes in time and space is a very important issue for assessing the Sun–Earth interactions. All changes in solar activity impact the delicate balance between influences of interplanetary magnetic field and of geomagnetic field. The most dynamic events eventually result in disturbances in the magnitude and direction of the Earth’s magnetic field and therefore impact our planet and its magnetosphere as a whole. The dynamics of the ionosphere and thermosphere during magnetic storms and substorms involves the heating, expansion, and composition changes at high latitudes, but also the surface-level response in terms of geomagnetically induced currents and other geomagnetic and geoelectric disturbances. Here, we provide a short overview of the current knowledge of the Earth’s magnetic field, its present shape and the way it responds to external forces. The main aim of the paper is not to present the complexity of the space weather processes, but rather to bring the attention of the geohazard community to the possible dramatic effects of space weather events. For this, the paper highlights some societal implications of space weather on our increasingly technology-dependent society, including some possible effects of geomagnetically induced currents, the disruption of satellite communications and navigation, and risks of radiation damage both in space and in aviation.

中文翻译：

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地磁场过程及其对空间天气的影响

了解我们星球的磁场环境和地磁场的时空变化是评估日地相互作用的一个非常重要的问题。太阳活动的所有变化都会影响行星际磁场和地磁场影响之间的微妙平衡。最具活力的事件最终会导致地球磁场强度和方向的扰动，从而影响我们的星球及其整个磁层。磁暴和亚暴期间电离层和热层的动力学涉及高纬度地区的加热、膨胀和成分变化，还涉及地磁感应电流和其他地磁和地电扰动的地表响应。这里，我们简要概述了当前对地球磁场、其当前形状及其对外力响应方式的了解。本文的主要目的不是展示空间天气过程的复杂性，而是让地质灾害界关注空间天气事件可能产生的巨大影响。为此，本文强调了空间天气对我们日益依赖技术的社会的一些社会影响，包括地磁感应电流的一些可能影响、卫星通信和导航的中断以及空间和航空辐射损害的风险。而是让地质灾害界关注空间天气事件可能产生的巨大影响。为此，本文强调了空间天气对我们日益依赖技术的社会的一些社会影响，包括地磁感应电流的一些可能影响、卫星通信和导航的中断以及空间和航空辐射损害的风险。而是让地质灾害界关注空间天气事件可能产生的巨大影响。为此，本文强调了空间天气对我们日益依赖技术的社会的一些社会影响，包括地磁感应电流的一些可能影响、卫星通信和导航的中断以及空间和航空辐射损害的风险。