Acridids (short-horned-grasshopper) are distributed largely in the agricultural-field, grass-lands, and forests. It may act as a dependable bio-indicator species in response to ecological-stress. Among the acridids found in West Bengal, Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum (Walker, 1871) are multivoltine in nature and were considered for the present study. Azadirachtin is a tetranortri terpenoids present in neem tree (Azadirachta indica), which develops antifeedancy/ growth-regulation/ fecundity-suppression/ sterilization/ oviposition/ repellence and deformity in insect via oxidative stress by the production of free radicals and causes their death. Antioxidants protect insects by scavenging free radicals. This study explored Azadirachtin toxicity on food-indices/biochemical/physiological influences on mid-gut of Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum. Commercially available Azadirachtin was applied (1–20 ppm) on S. pr. prasiniferum for in vivo/in vitro experiment, where gut-tissues were analysed to determine oxidative-stress-markers (ALP/MDA/NPSH/AChE), antioxidant-markers (SOD/CAT/GPx). Food-weight/insect-weight/excreta-weight were recorded before/after the experiment to evaluate the consumption-index(CI), approximate-digestibility(AD), efficiency of conversion of digested-food(ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested-food(ECI). Nutrient metabolizing-enzymes (cellulase/amylase) were screened. Azadirachtin (>7 ppm) decreased ECD and restricted food-consumption that increased insect-mortality (50–80%). The gut MDA significantly increased with an impairment of soluble-thiols. The antioxidant-enzymes were variably impaired resulting in tissue-damages more in male than female. Finally, Azadirachtin influenced nutrient-metabolizing-enzymes and antioxidant-enzymes indicating these parameters to be good stress-markers. This finding might be extrapolated for further evaluation of the ecological impact of Azadirachtin on the food chain/web in a composite-ecosystem.

中文翻译：

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Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum (Orthoptera; Acridoidea) 肠道组织中对印楝素毒性的性别二态适应性反应

蚱蜢（短角蚱蜢）主要分布于农田、草地和森林。它可以作为应对生态压力的可靠生物指示物种。在西孟加拉邦发现的蝾螈中，Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum (Walker, 1871) 具有多种性质，因此被考虑用于本研究。印楝素是一种存在于印楝树 (Azadirachta indica) 中的四降三萜类化合物，它通过产生自由基的氧化应激导致昆虫拒食/生长调节/繁殖抑制/绝育/产卵/排斥和畸形，并导致昆虫死亡。抗氧化剂通过清除自由基来保护昆虫。本研究探讨印楝素对 Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum 中肠的食物指数/生化/生理影响的毒性。将市售印楝素 (1–20 ppm) 应用于 S. pr。prasiniferum 用于体内/体外实验，其中分析肠道组织以确定氧化应激标志物 (ALP/MDA/NPSH/AChE)、抗氧化标志物 (SOD/CAT/GPx)。实验前后记录食物重量/昆虫重量/排泄物重量以评价消耗指数(CI)、近似消化率(AD)、消化食物转化效率(ECD)和转化效率。摄入的食物（ECI）。筛选了营养代谢酶（纤维素酶/淀粉酶）。印楝素 (>7 ppm) 可降低 ECD 并限制食物消耗，从而增加昆虫死亡率 (50–80%)。肠道 MDA 显着增加，可溶性硫醇受损。抗氧化酶受到不同程度的损害，导致男性多于女性的组织损伤。最后，印楝素影响营养代谢酶和抗氧化酶，表明这些参数是良好的压力标志物。这一发现可用于进一步评估印楝素对复合生态系统中食物链/网的生态影响。