Abstract Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) is an invasive pest of cole crops in the southwestern United States.To find potential biocontrol agents of B. hilaris, three egg parasitoids were imported from Pakistan, including Ooencyrtus mirus, a recently described uniparental species. We investigated the effect of temperature on survival and developmental rate in O. mirus from egg to adult. At 14 and 16°C, no adults emerged unless the immatures were transferred later to a warmer temperature. At constant 18°C, a low percentage emerged, but again more emerged if the immatures were transferred to a warmer temperature. Survival ranged from 80 to 96% at 20–37°C and did not differ significantly among these temperatures. No adults emerged at 38°C. Regardless of the amount of time the parasitized eggs were held at 14 and 16°C, the developmental times after returning the eggs to 26°C were similar, suggesting a quiescence process rather than simply slow development. At higher temperatures, the developmental rate increased linearly from 18 to 36°C and then declined at 37°C.The Wang model provided the best fit of the data and estimated a lower developmental threshold at 13.0°C, an optimal temperature at 35.6°C, and an upper developmental threshold of 38.3°C.The thermal constant for total immature development is 168.4 degree-days.The results show 36°C to be the best temperature for rearing O. mirus, and that O. mirus-parasitized eggs can be stored at 14°C for months without losing viability.These are crucial data to consider when mass rearing this biological control agent.

中文翻译：

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温度对未成熟卵囊虫（膜翅目：虫科）存活和发育速率的影响

摘要 Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) 是美国西南部油菜作物的一种入侵性害虫。为了寻找B. hilaris 的潜在生物防治剂，从巴基斯坦进口了三种卵寄生物，包括最近描述的单亲物种Ooenchrtus mirus。我们研究了温度对 O. mirus 从卵到成虫的存活率和发育率的影响。在 14°C 和 16°C 时，除非幼鱼稍后转移到较温暖的温度，否则不会出现成虫。在恒定的 18°C 下，出现的百分比较低，但如果将未成熟的幼虫转移到更高的温度，则出现的百分比会更高。在 20-37°C 下，存活率为 80% 至 96%，并且在这些温度之间没有显着差异。在 38°C 下没有成虫出现。无论被寄生的卵在 14 和 16°C 下保持多长时间，将卵恢复到 26°C 后的发育时间相似，表明这是一个静止过程，而不是简单的缓慢发育。在较高温度下，发育速度从 18°C 线性增加到 36°C，然后在 37°C 下降。Wang 模型提供了数据的最佳拟合，并估计了较低的发育阈值 13.0°C，最佳温度为 35.6°C C, 和 38.3°C 的上发育阈值。 总未成熟发育的热常数为 168.4 度-天。 结果表明 36°C 是饲养 O. mirus 的最佳温度，并且 O. mirus 寄生卵可以在 14°C 下储存数月而不会失去活力。这些是大规模饲养这种生物控制剂时需要考虑的关键数据。