Abstract Integration of Passive Optical Network (PON) and wireless network technologies can offer a high data rate with ubiquitous Internet access to the end-users. Due to the growing importance of reducing the carbon footprint of telecommunication networks, energy-saving mechanisms are dispensed in the networking equipment. One of the commonly used approaches to reduce energy consumption is the “sleep mode” in which a network equipment periodically turns off some of its components so as to reduce energy consumption. Note that, the current PON and wireless access network technologies have their own power-saving modes. In order to gain power-saving and meet latency of applications in an integrated PON and wireless access network technologies, both optical and wireless access technologies need to have consent on how traffic management (bandwidth allocation, traffic forwarding path), as well as power-saving modes, should be managed in the network. That is, there needs to have synchronization of these two network segments. Otherwise, the end-users would experience longer delay and lower throughput. In this paper, we introduce a Delay-Aware Integrated Sleep Mode (DISM) solution designed considering 5G Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) architecture which connected with core networks through Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (TWDM-PON). In particular, we propose a power saving mechanism using sleep mode for TWDM-PON taking into account packet forwarding delay from the optical network termination point to the end-users’ mobile terminal so as to maximize energy-saving in TWDM-PON while meeting latency requirements of applications with stringent latency requirements. Results obtained through simulations impart that our proposed scheme can significantly satisfy the delay requirement of the traffic while it can still reduce energy consumption in TWDM-PON. Furthermore, the results provide insights on how power saving mechanism in PON should be managed for such 5G HetNet and optical integrated networks in order to satisfy the latency requirement of the traffic.

中文翻译：

---

要求低延迟的绿色融合 TWDM-PON 和 5G HetNet 餐饮应用

摘要 无源光网络（PON）和无线网络技术的集成可以为终端用户提供无处不在的互联网接入的高数据速率。由于减少电信网络碳足迹的重要性日益增加，因此在网络设备中分配了节能机制。一种常用的降低能耗的方法是“睡眠模式”，在这种模式下，网络设备会定期关闭其某些组件以降低能耗。需要注意的是，目前的PON和无线接入网技术都有自己的省电模式。为了在集成的 PON 和无线接入网络技术中获得省电和满足应用的延迟，光接入技术和无线接入技术都需要就如何在网络中管理流量管理（带宽分配、流量转发路径）以及节能模式达成共识。也就是说，这两个网段需要同步。否则，最终用户会遇到更长的延迟和更低的吞吐量。在本文中，我们介绍了一种基于 5G 异构网络 (HetNets) 架构设计的延迟感知集成睡眠模式 (DISM) 解决方案，该架构通过时分波分复用无源光网络 (TWDM-PON) 与核心网络相连。特别是，我们提出了一种使用睡眠模式的 TWDM-PON 省电机制，考虑到从光网络终端到最终用户移动终端的数据包转发延迟，以最大限度地节省 TWDM-PON 的能源，同时满足应用程序的延迟要求具有严格的延迟要求。通过仿真获得的结果表明，我们提出的方案可以显着满足流量的延迟要求，同时仍然可以降低 TWDM-PON 的能耗。此外，结果提供了关于如何为此类 5G HetNet 和光集成网络管理 PON 中的节能机制以满足流量的延迟要求的见解。通过仿真获得的结果表明，我们提出的方案可以显着满足流量的延迟要求，同时仍然可以降低 TWDM-PON 的能耗。此外，结果提供了关于如何为此类 5G HetNet 和光集成网络管理 PON 中的节能机制以满足流量的延迟要求的见解。通过仿真获得的结果表明，我们提出的方案可以显着满足流量的延迟要求，同时仍然可以降低 TWDM-PON 的能耗。此外，结果提供了关于如何为此类 5G HetNet 和光集成网络管理 PON 中的节能机制以满足流量的延迟要求的见解。