Visual system is increasingly recognized as a sensitive target of xenobiotics in aquatic ecosystems. Various environmental pollutants of distinct physicochemical properties are able to impair the retinal development and function of teleost fishes, including dioxin-like pollutants, flame retardants, pesticides, perfluoroalkyl acids, retinoic acids and metals. Considering the availability of developmental and functional database, zebrafish has been the most frequently used as the teleost model to study aquatic visual toxicology. A diversity of visual deficits has been displayed for fishes across multiple levels of biological organizations (e.g., molecule, cell, histology, physiology and behavior). Covering sensitive developmental windows of eyes during early embryogenesis, acute or chronic exposure to xenobiotics can disturb the expressions of visual gene and protein markers, which affect the retinal neurogenesis and induce degeneration of neurons. Morphological structures and physiological responses of retina and optic tectum are then disorganized, eventually compromising the performance of visually-mediated behaviors and recruitment of individuals. Environmental pollutants can cross the blood-retina barrier and accumulate in eyes, which might impact visual system directly. In addition, pollutants are very likely to interrupt retinal development and function indirectly by disturbing the signaling of retinoids and thyroid. However, exact mechanisms of visual toxicity are largely unknown currently. In this review, the development and structure of retina and available tools for studying visual science are described briefly. Advances in visual toxicology are summarized in detail and outlooks for future visual toxicity studies are discussed.

视觉系统越来越被认为是水生生态系统中异种生物的敏感目标。具有不同理化特性的各种环境污染物能够损害硬骨鱼类的视网膜发育和功能，包括二恶英样污染物，阻燃剂，农药，全氟烷基酸，视黄酸和金属。考虑到开发和功能数据库的可用性，斑马鱼已成为最常用于研究水生视觉毒理学的硬骨动物模型。鱼类在多种水平的生物组织（例如分子，细胞，组织学，生理学和行为）中已表现出多种视觉缺陷。覆盖早期胚胎发生过程中敏感的眼睛发育窗口，异种生物的急性或慢性暴露会干扰视觉基因和蛋白质标志物的表达，从而影响视网膜神经发生并诱导神经元变性。视网膜和视神经外层的形态结构和生理反应随后变得混乱，最终损害了视觉介导的行为和个体募集的表现。环境污染物可以穿过血视网膜屏障并积聚在眼睛中，这可能直接影响视觉系统。此外，污染物极有可能通过干扰维甲酸和甲状腺的信号传导而间接中断视网膜发育和功能。然而，视觉毒性的确切机制目前在很大程度上尚不清楚。在这篇评论中 简要介绍了视网膜的发展和结构以及用于研究视觉科学的可用工具。视觉毒理学的进展被详细总结，并讨论了未来视觉毒理学研究的前景。