The sex types of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) flowers are occasionally alterable. The feminizing agents such as ethrel, 5-azacytidine, a mixture of exogenous zeatin (ZT), abscisic acid (ABA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were injected into androecious wild persimmon trees. Different concentrations of masculinizing exogenous gibberellin (GA3) were injected into gynoecious ‘Jiro’ cultivar trees. ‘Jiro’ trees were also grown in soils differing in moisture content and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, to determine their effects on floral development and sex differentiation in persimmons. Injection of ethrel significantly decreased the diameter of pollen grains and the length of pollen tubes, thereby demonstrating a feminizing effect. Injection of GA3 significantly increased the length of arrested stamens in gynoecious trees, demonstrating a masculinizing effect. High soil moisture levels (55% and 45% volumetric moisture contents) significantly increased the length of pistils compared to the control (20% moisture content) in gynoecious trees; a high C/N ratio markedly increased the length of both pistils and arrested stamens. Many of the treatments also significantly changed the expression patterns of crucial genes, the contents of assimilates and stress markers, and the activities of antioxidative enzymes in floral buds. These treatment responses may relate to changes in phenotypes. Although the sex types of persimmon flowers were not completely transformed in our study, the treatments significantly influenced pistil and stamen length. Improved artificial treatments may be used to control sex type in persimmons in the future.

中文翻译：

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植物生长调节剂、土壤水分含量和碳氮比对柿 (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) 花性别分化的影响

柿子 (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) 花的性别类型偶尔会发生变化。雌性化剂如乙炔、5-氮杂胞苷、外源玉米素（ZT）、脱落酸（ABA）和吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）的混合物被注射到雄性雄性野生柿树中。将不同浓度的雄性化外源赤霉素 (GA3) 注射到雌性“次郎”栽培品种树中。'Jiro' 树也生长在水分含量和碳/氮 (C/N) 比不同的土壤中，以确定它们对柿子花发育和性别分化的影响。注射乙炔显着降低了花粉粒的直径和花粉管的长度，从而证明了女性化的效果。注射 GA3 显着增加雌雄同株雄蕊的停滞长度，显示出男性化的效果。与雌雄同株的对照（含水量 20%）相比，高土壤含水量（55% 和 45% 的体积含水量）显着增加了雌蕊的长度；高 C/N 比显着增加了雌蕊和停滞的雄蕊的长度。许多处理还显着改变了关键基因的表达模式、同化物和胁迫标志物的含量以及花芽中抗氧化酶的活性。这些治疗反应可能与表型的变化有关。虽然在我们的研究中柿花的性别类型没有完全改变，但处理显着影响了雌蕊和雄蕊的长度。未来可能会采用改进的人工处理方法来控制柿子的性别类型。与雌雄同株的对照（含水量 20%）相比，高土壤含水量（55% 和 45% 的体积含水量）显着增加了雌蕊的长度；高 C/N 比显着增加了雌蕊和停滞的雄蕊的长度。许多处理还显着改变了关键基因的表达模式、同化物和胁迫标志物的含量以及花芽中抗氧化酶的活性。这些治疗反应可能与表型的变化有关。虽然在我们的研究中柿花的性别类型没有完全改变，但处理显着影响了雌蕊和雄蕊的长度。未来可能会采用改进的人工处理方法来控制柿子的性别类型。与雌雄同株的对照（含水量 20%）相比，高土壤含水量（55% 和 45% 的体积含水量）显着增加了雌蕊的长度；高 C/N 比显着增加了雌蕊和停滞的雄蕊的长度。许多处理还显着改变了关键基因的表达模式、同化物和胁迫标志物的含量以及花芽中抗氧化酶的活性。这些治疗反应可能与表型的变化有关。虽然在我们的研究中柿花的性别类型没有完全改变，但处理显着影响了雌蕊和雄蕊的长度。未来可能会采用改进的人工处理方法来控制柿子的性别类型。