A prediction error negativity (PEN) can be observed in the human electroencephalogram when there is a mismatch between the predicted and the perceived changes in the environment. Our previous study using a virtual object selection task demonstrated an impact of the level of avatar realism on the PEN, reflecting a mismatch between visual and proprioceptive feedback about the object selection. To investigate the role of temporal integration of different sensory information on the PEN, this article investigated the impact of task completion times on the PEN amplitude, using the same virtual object selection task. Trials from each participant were divided into slow trials and fast trials based on the task completion time, and their associated PEN amplitudes were separately aggregated and analyzed. The result shows that PEN amplitudes are significantly more pronounced in slow trials than in fast trials. This finding suggests that task completion times modulate the PEN amplitude—a long task completion time allowed for a better integration of information from both visual and proprioceptive systems as the basis to detect a mismatch between the expected hand trajectory during a reaching motion and the perceived visual feedback in the virtual environment.

中文翻译：

---

个人内完成时间调节虚拟 3D 对象选择任务中的预测误差负性

当预测的和感知的环境变化之间存在不匹配时，可以在人类脑电图中观察到预测误差负性 (PEN)。我们之前使用虚拟对象选择任务的研究证明了化身逼真度对 PEN 的影响，反映了关于对象选择的视觉和本体反馈之间的不匹配。为了研究不同感官信息的时间整合对 PEN 的作用，本文研究了任务完成时间对 PEN 振幅的影响，使用相同的虚拟对象选择任务。每个参与者的试验根据任务完成时间分为慢试验和快速试验，并分别汇总和分析它们相关的 PEN 幅度。结果表明，与快速试验相比，慢速试验中的 PEN 幅度明显更明显。这一发现表明，任务完成时间会调节 PEN 幅度——较长的任务完成时间允许更好地整合来自视觉和本体感觉系统的信息，作为检测到达运动期间预期手部轨迹与感知视觉之间不匹配的基础。虚拟环境中的反馈。